Position Papers by Country

Position paper for Republic of Korea


Committee:GA First
Topic: Consolidation of peace through practical disarmament measures
Paper text:
Consolidating peace through practical disarmament measures would include reducing and controlling the number of conventional weapons to ensure global security. There had been some adjustments to disarmament between the first two World Wars, but the adjustments were very limited. Before World War ll, there were the Washington and Naval Conferences that mainly focused on naval arms, but then a few years later the Geneva Protocol of 1925 was constructed. The Geneva Protocol of 1925 was constructed to ensure the limitations of weapons(both chemical and biological). Although the Geneva Protocol was not that influential, the United Nations did take away a few ideas they would then pursue.
After the Second World War, more advisory was insisted on nuclear weapons, which resulted in new restrictions to ensure there would not be a Third World War. These restrictions included The First Special Session of Disarmament, SSOD-ll, and SSOD-lll. With the help of these steps, this created the United Nations Office of Disarmament. (UNODA) The UNODA was reformed in the late 1990s to create a better system with disarmament to ensure there has been a dissolution with a need for compliance. UNODA has taken over many treaties such as the Ottawa Treaty, Convention of Cluster Munitions, and Convention on Certain Convention Weapons. These treaties were very beneficial to the banning of various weapons such as incendiary weapons, mines, and weapons with fragmentation effects.
The United Nations Office of Disarmament continues to ban the use of weapons such as nuclear or chemical but mainly focuses on peace worldwide. The UNODA uses different data software such as the United Nations Register of Convention Arms, Repository of Military Confidence, and Military Expenditure. These data software help the UNODA to help eliminate the number of new weapons being developed.

Committee:GA First
Topic: Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction
Paper text:
Sanctions against countries in violation of the chemical weapons convention
Since World War II, the UN has seen a large amount of success in regulating the amount of chemical weapons around the globe. According to the UN, their resolutions and regulations on this category of weaponry have resulted in 98% of the world's chemical weapons stockpiles. This is an area of disarmament where the UN has particularly excelled, as other efforts on nuclear disarmament have not seen the success they would have wanted. But, while the chemical weapons convention of 1997 has succeeded in mostly banning chemical weapons, certain countries like Syria have violated these protocols throughout the last decade. Thus, we are in favor of advocating for sanctions against the states in violation of these protocols. Due to the brutality and incivility of the effects of chemical weapons, we argue that the harshest measures of enforcement must be employed in order to seek full compliance, as these human rights abuses must not be allowed to occur.
Expanding investigations to ensure compliance with the chemical weapons ban
While many countries are in compliance with the chemical weapons treaty, countries such as Russia and North Korea have been accused of using chemical weapons in addition to Syria's egregious violation of the chemical weapons ban during their civil war. It is our opinion that funding needs to be increased for inspections of countries' weapons facilities to determine whether they are in possession of any banned substances. As was noted previously, 98% of the world's chemical weapons have supposedly been destroyed. However, we must ensure that no new chemical weapons are manufactured and the remaining 2% are not in use or destroyed. Thus, the United Nations and the international community should fund inspections as needed in order to prevent any future human rights abuses from occurring.

Committee:GA Second
Topic: Agriculture development, food security and nutrition
Paper text:
A heavily industrialized country with very limited farmable land faces a plethora of challenges involving agriculture, food security, and nutrition. Agriculture contributes a modest percentage to the GDP (2% in recent years). With these challenges in mind, the spotlight is shone on creating a more sustainable and secure agricultural sector which will ultimately produce a more bountiful crop, stable food production, and allows the population to receive better nutrition.
When discussing agriculture development, the country has welcomed technology first farming with open arms. This includes: smart farming, biotechnology to help yield more from vast farmland, and automation. It is also a huge proprietor of vertical farming, and precision/greenhouse farming. These methods are also proven to help produce a bountiful yield. Adding onto their strong support, there is a large call to focus on rural development. Having initiatives that help moderate techniques for farmers, and supporting the livelihood of farmers as they have cut down on usage of pesticides and other harmful chemicals.
The focus on food security is a very important topic due to the countries' large dependence on imported food. 70% of food is imported for consumption (specifically grains) which triggers the necessity for a diverse array of food import sources to help close the gap for vulnerability. To strengthen food security, investments have been made in global agricultural projects, creating a secure supply of the most essential crops. As a last layer of protection, collections of staple foods like rice are kept in case of supply chain issues.
There has even been tremendous progress made when it comes to improving nutrition. The government recommends balanced and nutritious meals through the public school system. The government also makes sure that all students can reap the benefits of proper nutrition by implementing feeding programs. The goal of every country is to ensure the wellbeing of their citizens, and through the active initiatives that we are taking to help food security, citizens can sleep at night knowing that they have access to whole foods at any time.

Committee:GA Second
Topic: Development cooperation with middle-income countries
Paper text:
Middle income countries (MICs) face significant challenges despite their economic growth. With a gross national income between $1,136 and $13,845 per person, these countries house a large portion of the world's population and the majority of its poor. Many MICs struggle with issues like inequality, environmental problems, and slow economic growth, which can lead to what's known as the "middle income trap." This happens when countries can't find new ways to grow and improve living conditions for their citizens.
In the 1960s, the UN declared this decade to promote economic growth in developing countries, encouraging industrialization and better trade. Later, in 1978, the UN focused on helping developing countries work together to share knowledge and resources, aiming to strengthen their self- reliance. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, the UN launched a fund to help MICs recover by supporting local businesses and providing necessary equipment. To address these challenges, it's important to recognize that MICs still need support. The United Nations has emphasized the importance of cooperation and tailored assistance for these countries. Initiatives like the SDG Stimulus can help by providing long-term financing, making it easier for MICs to invest in development and manage debt. In addition, engaging MICs in global decision-making is very important. By treating them as partners instead of just receiving aid, we can ensure that their unique needs and challenges are addressed. Sharing knowledge among MICs can help them learn from one another and find effective solutions. Using Comprehensive Wealth Measures can provide a better understanding of a country's development overall. This approach can help look beyond just income to consider natural resources and human capital, helping to predict future economic trends. In summary, supporting middle- income countries involves recognizing ongoing challenges, providing flexible financial assistance, fostering cooperation, and using better ways to measure progress. By incorporating these steps, MICs can be helped by achieving sustainable growth and improving the lives of their citizens.

Committee:GA Third
Topic: Rights of indigenous peoples
Paper text:
About 6% of the global population is made up of indigenous people. The United Nations does not have an exact definition of indigenous peoples, but according to the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, "self-identification as Indigenous is considered a fundamental criterion." This declaration emphasizes indigenous people's right to determine their own identity. On a Background paper prepared by the Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, "Indigenous communities, peoples and nations are those which, having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them." Indigenous peoples can be looked at as groups of people who have a historical connection to a land or society before colonization; they are differently distinct from the groups that reside in that community and society who came after colonization. Indigenous people deal with separate challenges of land and cultural preservation, also discrimination, and different rights from groups who came during colonization.
The United Nations has taken multiple steps to address issues faced by Indigenous people. By 1989, the International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted Convention No. 169 in 1989 to address indigenous and tribal people's rights. This convention sought to recognize and strengthen the identities of these groups and their rights to land and resources. Not many countries ratified this convention, though, so that limited its impact globally. Starting in 1994, the UN declared this decade to improve the rights of indigenous people. In 2000, the UN came up with the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues to take on these matters. In 2005, another decade was launched to push for non-discrimination and cultural integrity. In 2007, the UN adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). This is not a legally binding declaration, but it sets a strong framework globally for comprehensively protecting and expanding the rights of Indigenous people. Indigenous people still face serious challenges, because of vulnerability to climate change, poverty, access to education and healthcare, and systemic racism and discrimination.

Committee:GA Third
Topic: Literacy for life
Paper text:
Literacy, once focused on reading and writing, now includes digital literacy. This is a critical skill in today's information-driven world. Access to digital resources is essential, yet many marginalized communities are excluded due to the digital divide. The United Nations Youth Office has been instrumental in advocating for removing this divide, pushing for equitable access to technology as a pathway to digital literacy and overall education improvement.
In 2013, the United Nations highlighted the importance of evidence-based advocacy in advancing literacy initiatives. Data and factual evidence are essential for measuring the success of programs and identifying areas for improvement. Without this data, it becomes difficult to justify or expand literacy programs. Evidence-based advocacy demonstrates the impact of these initiatives, particularly in increasing access to education and improving literacy skills worldwide. The establishment of the United Nations Youth Office in 2022 has already shown promise. Over the past two years, critical data has been collected, highlighting both the gender gap in education and the unequal access to technology in marginalized communities. Armed with this information, the office is now better positioned to address these disparities by advocating for gender equality in education and ensuring that under-resourced communities receive the technological tools they need to develop digital literacy skills.
One major misconception is that marginalized communities do not value education. In reality, systemic barriers, such as violence in neighborhoods and language differences, often hinder access to quality education. Schools must adopt inclusive practices that support students from diverse backgrounds, including multilingual education, to ensure that every child has the opportunity to learn. These initiatives will help bridge the gap in literacy and technology access, fostering greater inclusion and equality in education. Inclusive education policies must also address the unique needs of marginalized groups, ensuring that no child is left behind in the pursuit of literacy.

Committee:GA Plenary
Topic: The human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment
Paper text:
A person's right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment means that the individual should have access to a safe climate, clean air and access to safe water free from contamination. Issues like climate change, pollution and contamination have affected millions of people and could bring another 100 million below the poverty line by 2030. These issues disproportionately affect the developing world, of the 124 million people worldwide who struggle with food insecurity, 76 percent were affected by climate shocks according to the Food and Agriculture Organization and by 2050, more than 143 million people may be driven from their homes by conflict caused by food and water insecurity and climate change driven natural disasters according to the World.Bank Despite these high number of victims only 100 companies have been responsible for 71% of global greenhouse gas emissions since 1988.
The United Nations fight for the right to a clean environment started around 1972 when they enacted the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) enacted the Stockholm Declaration on Human Environment. The United Nations recognized that natural and nonrenewable resources were necessary. Both renewable and non-renewable resources must be used in a manner that is sustainable. The following conferences and committees such as the the first World Climate Conference in 1979, and the 1992 conference United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), otherwise known as the Earth Summit held in Rio De Janeiro recognized that everyone is entitled to a healthy life with nature and that human development and the environment are both dependent on one another. Most recently at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference or the COP21, the Paris Agreement went into effect and marked the first world-wide arrangement towards zero emissions.
In the past we have spent time strategizing and discussing what we should do about the climate crisis but the next steps are to implement the aforementioned plans. Issues like Greenwashing and misrepresentation to the public can lead to companies shrugging off blame and prevent Member States from enforcing climate regulations. By increasing incentives for companies to follow climate friendly regulation or by establishing a global standard to hold these corporations accountable for their actions we can help enforce these rules and regulations and work towards a cleaner and more sustainable environment.

Committee:GA Plenary
Topic: Safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of United Nations personnel
Paper text:
When discussing the safety of UN personnel, such as peacekeepers, it is important to keep in mind that we as member states strongly condemn the acts of violence against such workers and should actively advocate for stronger international cooperation to protect those who work in the most dangerous environments to deliver aid and assistance. As stated in United Nations Security Council Resolution 1502, passed after the 2003 Canal Hotel Bombing to address gaps and shortcomings surrounding the safety of United Nations Personnel, deeming such attacks as a war crime. It was called upon all states to ensure that such incidents did not remain unpunished. The same position was reaffirmed in UN General Assembly Resolution 71/129 (2016), reiterating the need to prioritize safety and security, and calling on States to fulfill their obligations in protecting these individuals. Since the passing of these most recent resolutions, several member states, such as Syria with the bombing of a UN humanitarian convoy in Aleppo in 2016, have violated the standards that were set by the Security Council over twenty years ago. Any state that fails to comply with the rules set by the UN should be punished with sanctions as a consequence. As a state that is fully compliant with UN regulations and even shares a border with a country that continues to violate international humanitarian laws, it is in our interest to call for the UN to impose a complete set of sanctions against any country that commits acts of violence against UN personnel. To ensure that such attacks rarely happen, we must advocate for implementing advanced technology, such as early warning systems and secure communication tools, to protect UN and humanitarian personnel in conflict zones. Additionally, specialized training, such as threat response training, for personnel in conflict management and security protocols will be a priority.

Committee:ECOSOC
Topic: Empowering people and ensuring inclusiveness and equality
Paper text:
Empowering people and ensuring inclusiveness and equality, specifically within the economic and social landscapes, is one of the most fundamental issues that ECOSOC tackles in collaboration with the UN General Assembly. When markets go unchecked, and economic institutions of countries are fundamentally broken, the advancement of a society can be halted and harmed. In recent years, globalization, both economic and social, has completely changed the landscape of our world and impacted the way ECOSOC operates and searches for solutions to problems. It has introduced a completely new type of discrimination and exclusion, leading the rich to getting richer and the poor to getting poorer. However, the main goal of striving to keep everyone equal and free from systemic discrimination remains the same. On the global scale, ECOSOC's efforts remain to continue improving income equality: on an individual country basis however, income equality continues to grow, and this disparity is one of ECOSOC's main goals for the future. By encouraging the elimination of societal barriers affecting individual's rights, and promoting inclusivity, ECOSOC seeks to level the playing field and give everyone around the world a fair shot at being able to live at the highest possible level.
Progress towards social integration in developing countries has been mixed. In many countries, development has been accompanied by greater inclusion. At the same time, economic and social change, conflict, population movements and other disruptions have resulted in the social marginalization of many individuals and groups, including in countries considered to be development 'successes'. Actively supplying fiduciary programs to countries in need, giving accurate reporting data to the General Assembly, and lobbying countries to strive for equality and equity are all of the things that ECOSOC is continuing to do to achieve the goals of their vanguard agenda. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) which was created in 1965, is ECOSOC's proudest achievement, and continues to be the shining beacon of pursuing equality and equity for suffering societies and nations, but more is still to be done to bring the world together.

Committee:ECOSOC
Topic: Science, technology and innovation for development
Paper text:
Science, technology, and innovation (STI) are pivotal to ECOSOC's development strategies, enabling socioeconomic transformation in countries worldwide. By leveraging modern technologies, developing nations can bypass traditional development paths, enhance national wealth, and mitigate environmental harm. Unique social contexts give rise to varied challenges, such as gender disparities and unemployment stemming from automation. As technological advancements accelerate, the gap between countries with and without access to advanced STI widens, making it imperative to address these disparities. The 1963 Geneva Conference marked a turning point, as lesser developed countries sought increased access to technology, fostering optimism about technology transfer. The Third United Nations Development Decade also aimed to create favorable conditions for growth, prompting calls for enhanced technical and financial cooperation, particularly for countries desperately in need. However, high costs hindered the adoption of renewable energy technologies, and the need for robust funding mechanisms is apparent.
Debates continue over facilitating technology transfer, leading to the 2015 Addis Ababa Action Agenda, which established the Technology Facilitation Mechanism (TFM) to foster collaboration in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Since then, the STI Forum has provided a platform for discussing challenges and opportunities in technology and innovation. The potential of STI to improve lives is truly incredible, however it also presents new challenges, including security threats from misuse of technological advancements that ECOSOC needs to be keenly aware of. Balancing these risks against the backdrop of persistent underfunding complicates efforts to fully harness science, technology, and innovation for development. Providing such technologies to nations with ulterior motives, such as development of bio-weapons and engaging in cyber warfare, is a very real concern and for nations to be trustworthy on a global scale needs to be secured first if UN funding is to be delivered to them for STI. ECOSOC intends to address this issue while simultaneously combating the growing divide in STI development in struggling nations

Committee:SC
Topic:The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestine question
Paper text:
The alarming situation occurring in Israel regarding the Gaza Strip needs to be resolved peacefully. We condemn the actions of Hamas during their attack on Israel on October 7th, 2023, as they blatantly violated Article Three of the Geneva Convention, which prohibits the killing of unarmed civilians and the taking of hostages. As of now, a total of 97 hostages are being held by Hamas, and the Security Council should take more action in pressuring Hamas to release them. However, we are also deeply concerned with how Israel is conducting their military operations in the Gaza Strip. Our government believes that Israel is not doing enough to ensure that their operations are not indiscriminately killing Palestinian civilians living in the Gaza Strip. We are appalled by how Israel's actions, such as their artillery and bombardment campaigns and their recent incursion into Rafah, have led to 34,000 Palestinian civilians being killed. With loss of life occurring on both sides, the Security Council must take an active role in mediating the conflict by reaffirming Security Council resolution 2734 (2024) on proposing an immediate and eventually permanent ceasefire in the Gaza Strip. We must take active steps to ensure a peace deal between Israel and Hamas can be made to cease hostilities in Gaza.
Furthermore, the situation in the West Bank is another issue that the Security Council needs to hold Israel accountable for. The international community has repeatedly condemned Israeli settlements being constructed in the West Bank since 1967. Our government believes that it is necessary to reaffirm Security Council resolution 446 (1979), which declares that Israeli settlements in the West Bank are illegal and prevent a two-state solution deal from ever occurring. The Security Council must pressure Israel by demanding a halt to more settlements being built in the West Bank. It is essential to hold Israel accountable for their illegal settlements, and measures should be taken to force Israel to comply with international law.

Committee:SC
Topic:The Situation in Ukraine
Paper text:
concerned about. The violent clashes between local militias, government forces and UN peacekeeping forces must come to an end If there is to be any resolution to the matter. It is the security council's priority to ensure the protection and safety of all UN personnel as stated in resolution 1990. The UN cannot protect the people and prevent conflict from arising amongst local militia groups if it cannot protect its own personnel. There are currently only 4190 uniformed UN personnel within the region. It is our belief that an increase in that number will help protect not only UN personnel but also be in a better position to protect local civilians as well. The UN needs to establish itself along with the government and the predominant police keeping force to ensure the election on whether Abyei should be a part of South Sudan. Preventing Militia groups from disputing this vote will allow for decisions to be made that will eventually allow for the removal of all UN forces from the region.
It is in the Security Council's best interest to pressure South Sudan into changing its currently relaxed approach to the issue. South Sudan does not want to align with any one ethnic group by permanently democratic the borders of Abyei allowing for voter eligibility to be brought into question and militia groups to clash over disputed territory. By properly demarcating the region it will put to rest any question of voter eligibility and an effective vote will bring an end to most of the large-scale fighting as there will be no border dispute if a fair and effective vote is taken in Abyei. The Security Council must remain in the region until such a vote is taken and levels of violence decrease before removing itself from the region.

Committee:SC
Topic:The Situation in the South China Sea
Paper text:
The events transpiring in the Nagorno-Karabakh region are deeply concerning, and the Security Council must oversee a resolution to the conflict. Over the past thirty years, the international community has seen constant clashes between the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan that have threatened the lives of innocent civilians caught in the fighting. The last time the Security Council passed a resolution to address the situation was in 1993 during the first Nagorno- Karabakh war. However, since 1993, conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan has erupted in 2020 and 2023, and the Security Council still has not weighed in on how to solve the issue. We urge that the most effective way to resolve the current fighting between these nations is to propose a cease-fire that allows peace talks to continue. While both Azerbaijan and Armenia are in the process of negotiating peace, the skirmishing between these nations has threatened to disrupt any potential agreement for peace. A cease-fire imposed by a Security Council resolution can improve the conditions needed for a needed peace agreement to be made.
Additionally, with the concerns of ethnic cleansing and the loss of a peacekeeping force in Nagorno- Karabakh, we believe that the Security Council should enact a resolution to send peacekeepers to the region. The removal of the peacekeeping force sent by the Russian Federation is unfortunate as claims of ethnic cleansing persist in the area. We assert that any claim of ethnic cleansing or any violation of human rights should be treated seriously by the Security Council. As such, we believe that U.N. peacekeepers should be sent to ensure the prevention of more conflict and that ethnic Armenians who live in the Nagorno-Karabakh region are not being targeted for ethnic cleansing. The conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh needs to end, and the Security Council can promote a resolution to the conflict.

Committee:WHA
Topic: Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health
Paper text:
The Republic of Korea recognizes that the Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health is essential in ensuring equitable access to healthcare. South Korea is committed to advancing initiatives that align with the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals and stresses the importance of strong international collaboration in addressing disparities in healthcare. The Republic of Korea has taken incredible measures to address women and children's health. South Korea established national health insurance in 1989 and it has been an asset to mothers and their children ever since. It not only addresses critical needs of mothers and their children but provides additional support to the most vulnerable individuals in these populations. In recent years, Universal, Targeted, and Indicated support is offered through The Korean Government's Maternal and Child Health Support Initiatives. This provides both essential and enriching resources with a few examples being the Production and Distribution of Standardized Maternal and Child Health Record Books, the Health Insurance Pregnancy and Childbirth Medical Expense Support,the Health Check-Up Program for Children, the Teenage Mother Pregnancy and Childbirth Medical Expense Support, and the Postpartum Support. South Korea hopes to expand these services by providing them continuously and easing eligibility criteria for Indicated and Targeted support to better serve mothers and infants in vulnerable groups. In addition, the delegation emphasizes the importance of policies focusing on the health of expectant mothers due to the nation's increase in low birth rates, the average age of mothers giving birth, and the maternal mortality ratio.
Our delegation is pleased to report a continued decrease in the neonatal mortality rate and under-five mortality rate over the past 10 years. The success South Korea has undergone through universal healthcare and the nation's ability to evolve offerings to fit the changing needs of all members through this system, motivates the delegation to advocate for global efforts to strengthen nations' health systems. South Korea is committed to sharing its experiences and collaborating with international organizations, NGOS, and other member states to implement effective health strategies. In 2023, the Korea International Cooperation Agency, government of Uganda, and the United Nations World Health Organization worked together to enhance health systems with a particular focus on reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child, and adolescent health services in the Busoga Sub-region. Our delegation looks forward to continuing to support initiatives to improve the quality and accessibility of healthcare systems in nations that are struggling economically or socially. The Republic of Korea is dedicated to improving the health of our own women, children, and adolescents as well as those beyond our borders. South Korea believes that overcoming the disparities in and addressing the various needs of women's, children's, and adolescent's health can be accomplished through continued collaboration, sharing of best practices, and a stronger commitment to universal health coverage among the international community.

Committee:WHA
Topic: Public health dimension of the world drug problem
Paper text:
The Republic of Korea recognizes the urgent need to address the public health dimension of the world drug problem. Illicit drugs and substance misuse create various challenges within families, communities, and governments as a whole. This topic is especially concerning with growing numbers of young people falling victim to drug misuse and drug-crimes. Not even school grounds have been safe from drugs in our nation. South Korea is putting a deeper focus into the expansion of drug education in schools, media, and as repercussions for offenders. Additionally, the nation hopes to increase the number of facilities and enhance resources available to those that are struggling with addiction as there is currently a lack. South Korea attempts to work at the source of issues as well, such as monitoring online advertisements that promote illegal drugs and holding doctors who illegally prescribed unnecessarily high dosages accountable. With this, the South Korean government is taking intense legal action against and punishment towards drug dealers to prevent the spread of drugs in our nation and promote positive health and well-being for our constituents. International cooperation is needed in addressing the public health dimension of the world drug problem. South Korea is a member of the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC), a global organization that promotes international co-operation in drug control and crime prevention. This allows our nation to work with other members, such as Canada, to share best practices, participate in joint initiatives, and collaborate on research and data collection to address drug prevention issues. By promoting education, rehabilitation, international partnerships, and working to combat drugs at their sources, South Korea believes efforts will be more effective in addressing the world drug problem.

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