Position paper for General Assembly First Committee
| Country: | Albania |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Albania believes that disarmament and development are linked, as excessive militarization
diverts resources from education, healthcare, infrastructure, and innovation.
The Republic of Albania advocates for policies that encourage the reallocation of military
expenditures toward socio-economic development and sustainable projects.
Albania emphasizes the importance of integrating disarmament into development agendas and fostering regional frameworks that promote trust, non-proliferation, and peacebuilding. Redirecting scientific and industrial capacity from weapons production to clean energy, medicine, and technology advancement will strengthen and reinforce international security. | |
| Country: | Albania |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Albania recognizes the threat posed by the illicit trade in small arms and light
weapons (SALW), particularly in regions undergoing political transition or post-conflict
recovery. Albania emphasizes that uncontrolled weapons circulation undermines security,
development, and human rights.
Albania supports the program of action to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in SALW and advocates for strengthened international cooperation in monitoring and regulating arms transfers. Albania encourages capacity-building programs for states with limited resources, including border security enhancement, national weapon registries, and customs enforcement. Furthermore, Albania supports regional cooperation, particularly in the Balkans, to combat cross-border trafficking. Transparency in arms transactions, including compliance with the UN Register of Conventional Arms, and the promotion of voluntary weapons collection programs are essential steps toward lasting peace and stability. | |
| Country: | Algeria |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Outer space, once viewed as the next frontier for all humankind, is now increasingly threatened by militarization. The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria affirms the urgent need for the peaceful use of and conduct in outer space and supports the establishment of norms and principles needed to ensure space remains free from human greed and conquest. As a longstanding upholder of peace in these matters, Algeria reaffirms the principles of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which emphasizes the use of our shared space for peaceful purposes and is against the deployment of weapons of mass destruction in orbit. Algeria is very concerned about the growing threats in outer space, including anti- satellite weapon tests, space debris, and the absence of comprehensive legal frameworks regulating military activity. These actions jeopardize global security, peaceful cooperation, and sustainable access to space. In line with broader international efforts, including United Nations General Assembly Resolutions 75/36 and 76/231, Algeria is strongly in support of the development of legally binding instruments that establish norms of responsible behavior in outer space. Algeria supports transparency and confidence building measures, such as the voluntary sharing of information regarding space activities, pre-launch notifications, and a full stop of anti-satellite weapon testing. These measures could be supported by regular reporting to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and reviewed through continued dialogue within the First Committee. Algeria also encourages international collaboration in space traffic management to prevent collisions and preserve sustainability for all nations. Algeria emphasizes the importance of a layered dialogue through the United Nations and Member States to ensure inclusive and fair space governance. It stresses ensuring that all states, especially developing nations, have access to the peaceful benefits of space technology. The militarization of space threatens this access and deepens global inequality. Algeria remains committed to working with all Member States to promote a safe, secure, and sustainable outer space environment through diplomacy, cooperation, and the rule of international law. | |
| Country: | Algeria |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW) is a major threat to peace and security worldwide, and Algeria sees it as one of the main drivers of instability and violence in the Sahel and North Africa. Much of this problem comes from legally made weapons falling into illegal hands, fueling terrorism, organized crime, and conflict. The UNODC report Illicit Firearms Trafficking – Addressing the Criminal Side of Diversion (2024) found that about 90% of seized firearms were originally produced legally but later stolen, sold illegally, or smuggled with fake documents. This is evident in states such as Libya and Yemen, where the fall of state control has allowed huge stockpiles of weapons to be smuggled by militias and extremist groups, worsening those conflicts. Algeria believes preventing this trade requires stronger national laws, improved border control, and cooperation between countries. Algeria has taken steps to improve weapon stockpile management, investigated diversion cases, and regularly submitted reports to the UN Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons (PoA). It has worked with neighboring countries to train border and customs officials, share information, and strengthen cross border patrols to stop smugglers before weapons fall into the wrong hands. Still, many countries in the region need help training officials to trace weapons and secure borders. Algeria supports international frameworks including the UN PoA and the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), and emphasizes aligning these with existing agreements. Algeria also notes the relevance of UN General Assembly Resolution 76/233 and Security Council Resolution 2220 (2015), which address illicit SALW trade and promote multilateral cooperation. Algeria suggests creating a regional arms tracing database managed by the African Union’s Peace and Security Council, organizing joint patrols between Maghreb and Sahel states, and enforcing strict checks on all international arms sales, potentially with support from the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA). Implementing these measures through regional and international cooperation will strengthen collective efforts and show diplomatic commitment beyond national borders. Algeria believes that with stronger laws, enhanced regional cooperation, and sustained international support, the international community can make significant progress toward ending illicit SALW trade. | |
| Country: | Argentina |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Position on Reducing Space Threats Through Norms, Rules, and Principles of Responsible Behaviors I. SUMMARY Argentina approaches the issue of reducing space threats with a unique and urgent perspective, informed by our firsthand experience with inadequate oversight of foreign space operations on our territory. While we support the creation of binding international norms to promote responsible behavior in outer space, we must emphasize that any framework should address not only state-to- state interactions in orbit but also the sovereignty and security concerns of host nations regarding ground- based space infrastructure. Our stance emphasizes transparency, verification mechanisms, and the protection of national sovereignty in bilateral space efforts agreements. II. NATIONAL INTERESTS AND CONCERNS A. Sovereignty and Transparency in Ground-Based Space Facilities Argentina’s experience with the Chinese deep space tracking station in Neuquén Province exemplifies the critical gaps in current space governance frameworks. Established in 2014, this facility operates with minimal Argentine oversight, and our National Commission for Space Activities (CONAE) has access to only 10% of operational time, equivalent to less than two hours daily. The agreement lacks clear definitions of civilian versus military use and contains no effective verification measures. This arrangement challenges traditional norms of sovereignty and international space law, particularly Article VI of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Argentina was exempted from international responsibility for Chinese government activities conducted within our territory. This precedent raises profound questions about jurisdiction and accountability that any new normative framework must address. B. Dual-Use Technology and National Security The Neuquén station is operated by China’s Satellite Launch and Tracking Control General (CLTC), part of the People’s Liberation Army’s Strategic Support Force. Its location in a remote Patagonian area with restricted access—a 62-mile exclusion zone requiring Chinese approval—and the lack of transparency raise legitimate concerns about potential telecommunications espionage and military use. Argentina finds itself caught between two major powers—China and the United States— amid rising geopolitical rivalry. Our long-standing policy of neutrality has not always produced positive results, and we understand that smaller nations like ours face serious security threats from this great power competition. C. Economic Development and Space Cooperation Despite these concerns, Argentina recognizes the economic importance of space cooperation. We are committed participants in China’s Belt and Road Initiative and value the “comprehensive strategic partnership” established in 2014. However, economic partnership should not come at the expense of sovereignty, transparency, or Argentina’s national security interests. III. POLICY OBJECTIVES Argentina seeks to advance the following objectives in negotiations on space threat reduction: 1. Establish verification and oversight mechanisms for ground-based space infrastructure that protect host nation sovereignty while enabling legitimate scientific cooperation 2. Clarify the boundaries between civilian and military space activities, with particular attention to dual-use facilities and technologies. 3. Strengthen transparency requirements for bilateral space agreements, including mandatory disclosure of operational parameters, data collection purposes, and control arrangements. 4. Develop liability and dispute-resolution frameworks that cannot be waived through bilateral agreements and/or exempt from international law responsibility. 5. Ensure equitable access for host nations to space infrastructure located on their territory. 6. Address the accountability gap regarding private and military actors operating space facilities in foreign territories. IV. POSITION ON KEY ISSUES While Argentina appreciates the flexibility of voluntary guidelines such as the Guidelines for Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, the current space security environment demands more robust, binding commitments. Voluntary norms have proven insufficient to address concerns about sovereignty and dual-use technology risks. We support efforts to transform key voluntary guidelines into binding international obligations. The growing role of private actors in space activities creates unique challenges. Argentina supports the Space Law for New Space Actors program and encourages the development of international norms that hold both states and private entities accountable for irresponsible behavior in space. V. REGIONAL AND MULTILATERAL COOPERATION Argentina commits to working constructively with: ● Latin American partners to develop regional approaches to space infrastructure governance that protect sovereignty while enabling scientific advancement. ● COPUOS to strengthen existing frameworks and develop new guidelines addressing ground-based infrastructure concerns. ● Like-minded states that share concerns about transparency, sovereignty, and verification in bilateral space agreements. ● Major space powers to find balanced solutions that enable legitimate space cooperation without compromising host nation security or sovereignty. VII. CONCLUSION Argentina’s stance on reducing space threats is guided by experience with the gaps in current governance systems. We offer a unique perspective as both a space-faring nation and a host for foreign space infrastructure. Our aim is not to hinder legitimate space cooperation or scientific progress, but to make sure that pursuing these goals does not threaten national sovereignty, security, or the rule of law. We stand ready to collaborate with all Member States to develop norms, rules, and principles that enhance the safety and sustainability of outer space while protecting the rights and security of all nations—especially those whose territories host the ground-based infrastructure essential for space exploration. The precedents established today will influence space governance for generations. Argentina is dedicated to ensuring these precedents uphold sovereignty, promote transparency, and serve the interests of all humanity—not just spacefaring nations. | |
| Country: | Argentina |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit small arms trade is a significant issue with a global impact. Over one billion small arms were found to be in circulation from the Small Arms Survey in 2018. With just over eight billion people in the world, that is around one gun for every eight people. This is a genuine issue when they are in the hands of criminals. In the past and present there has been a large push for stricter and more thorough tracing and tracking of firearms, such as with the International Tracing Instrument (ITI). There has also been a push for firearm restrictions and bans. This can be extremely expensive for countries to operate and can limit the freedoms of the people. On the other hand, these restrictions can also be seen as a restraint on the sovereignty of nations, and their ability to govern their own people. Argentina recognizes the serious issue of the illicit arms trade, and its impact on the civilians of the world, but Argentina believes that the implementation of strict standards and restrictions by the UN is not the best possibility. Each member state should make it their own prerogative to stop these crimes, but to force states to collect information and data on their population, and giving it to the UN, would be forcing them to infringe on the liberty and privacy of their citizens. We recently reverted our ban on assault rifles, and our legal framework of licenses and permits for firearms brings in revenue for our government. It is not the firearms that commit these crimes, but the firearms in the hands of bad men. | |
| Country: | Australia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Since the Cold War, mankind has been in a race with itself to discover, research, and explore the unknowns of Outer Space. The Commonwealth of Australia understands that space discoveries and research-motivated advancements are not inherently bad; in fact, they can be beneficial for technological and economic advancement. However, Australia has long recognized the serious threats posed by militarization and unrestricted use of space. In 1967, Australia signed onto the Outer Space Treaty, providing the basic framework for international space law and prohibited the placement of Nuclear Weapons and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) in orbit or on celestial bodies. Since then, Australia has proudly endorsed various United Nations (UN) resolutions to place restrictions on military activity and reduce the threat of spatial supremacy. Among those are A/RES/75/36 (2020), which urged Member States to assess current and potential threats to space systems to develop effective solutions. A/RES/77/250 (2023) requested the formal establishment of a Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) to stop an arms race via developing rules, norms, and principles governing responsible behavior. This mandate was reinforced in A/RES/79/364 (2024), which formally authorized and established the Group of Governmental Experts. Australia will continue to reaffirm its commitment to extant legal frameworks, as we are a State Party to all five UN treaties on Outer Space. In the spirit of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 and Chapter IV Article 11 of the UN Charter – which emphasize maintenance of international space law among Member States, Australia calls upon States to commit to not conducting destructive anti-satellite missile testing. Australia further recommends transparency and confidence-building measures (TCBMs), outlined in A/RES/68/50 (2013), through improved data-sharing, prior notification of launches, and open exchange of policies to prevent misunderstandings that could lead to conflict. | |
| Country: | Australia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Commonwealth of Australia sees the trade of illicit arms around the globe as one of the greatest threats to international security, human rights, and sustainable peace in war-torn regions. The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) has been utterly disastrous for global security, especially in Eastern Europe and Middle Eastern Regions. Twenty-seven percent of civilian deaths in armed conflict have been caused by SALW, according to a Secretary General Report on Small Arms and Light Weapons (2021). Recognizing how serious this threat is, Australia has been a proud signatory to the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) for eleven years, and has consistently advocated for stronger arms control measures to prevent the illicit trade of weapons that fuel nation-crippling conflicts. In 2013, Australia supported S/RES/2117, the first resolution to address the threat of illicit SALW. This resolution focused on comprehensive measures to deter illicit trade and misappropriation of SALW and recognized the impact of SALW on civilians, peacekeepers, and humanitarian workers. Australia has proudly facilitated workshops for Pacific Island Forum Member States to improve legislative frameworks and enhance SALW controls, intending to build capacities and support best practices in arms control across neighboring countries. Australia continues to affirm its commitment to ending the illicit trade of SALW, and – although ongoing progress has been made – there remains a great deal of work to do in order to increase transparency, strengthen international cooperation, and support regional initiatives. Australia is advocating for stronger support for global enforcement of the ATT, increased transparency of arms exports and imports, and enhanced international cooperation to prevent the illicit trade of SALWs. Australia urges states to develop stricter government regulations, support better reporting systems, and enhance transnational and NGO-led initiatives that impede the flow of weapons to actors of concern. | |
| Country: | Austria |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The United Nations has been committed to work towards the creation of reliable space
laws and tackle the underlying threats to our space. One of the first major steps was in
1958, when the UN created the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
(COPUOS) to foster collaboration and prevent conflict in space. By 1967, the Outer Space
Treaty set the basic rules for how nations could explore space responsibly, and in 1972,
liability rules made countries accountable for any damage caused by their satellites.
Concerns about using space for military purposes led to the Moon Agreement in the
1970s, which encouraged scientific research and banned military bases. Over the years,
the UN’s approach grew to focus on helping people directly. In 2006, it launched UN-
SPIDER, which uses satellites to support countries during disasters and show how space
technology can make a real difference in people’s lives.
Austria advocates for keeping outer space peaceful and free from conflict. Since the signing of the Outer Space Treaty in 1967, we have supported the idea that space must only be used for peaceful purposes. Because the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) are in Vienna, Austria plays a central role in international discussions on space security. We support the creation of shared rules and transparency measures that make space activity more responsible and predictable. Austria believes that space should benefit all nations through research, communication, and environmental monitoring, and not become a site of military competition. Domestically, Austria enforces the Austrian Outer Space Act of 2011 and the Outer Space Regulation of 2015, which set high safety and sustainability standards for national space activities. We also work through the European Union to promote international laws that limit the militarization of space and reduce debris. Austria hopes to advance these goals by encouraging cooperation, technology-sharing, and future international agreements on responsible satellite operations. Our position connects to a larger global issue, since instability in space would impact every nation that depends on satellites for communication, navigation, and security. By leading with peaceful and responsible behavior, Austria aims to ensure space remains safe and sustainable. | |
| Country: | Austria |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The United Nations recognizes that the illegal trade of small arms and light weapons
continues to fuel conflict and instability around the world. To address this, the UN has
developed several major agreements and initiatives that aim to limit the production,
movement, and misuse of these weapons. One of the most important is the Programme
of Action to Prevent, Combat, and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light
Weapons (PoA), adopted in 2001. The PoA encourages countries to strengthen their gun
laws, secure stockpiles, and work together to track and collect illegal weapons. In 2005,
the UN adopted the International Tracing Instrument (ITI), which helps countries mark
and trace weapons that are found in crimes or conflicts. Another major step was the Arms
Trade Treaty (ATT), which took effect in 2014 and sets legal standards for how
conventional weapons are traded globally. The UN also created the Coordinating Action
on Small Arms (CASA) to bring together different UN agencies that work on disarmament
and peacebuilding. These efforts are regularly reviewed through meetings and
conferences where countries share progress and challenges.
The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons is a pressing issue that demands global attention. Austria, a staunch advocate for disarmament, has taken significant steps to combat this problem. To address this challenge, Austria takes various measures. Austria enforces strict arms control laws aligned with the EU Common Position and the ATT, which Austria ratified in 2014. Additionally, Austria has established licensing systems for arms dealers and owners, implemented strict export controls in line with EU and UN standards, and ensured clear marking and record-keeping for weapons to facilitate traceability. Also, Austria is a party to the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, which is a key international tool to combat illicit firearms and their links to organized crime. The primary objective of these efforts is to reduce the circulation of illegal weapons and foster a more peaceful environment within Austria. The illicit arms trade is a rising global issue that affects everyone because weapons do not stay in one place; they move across countries and cause violence far beyond where they were first sold or made. That is why Austria believes that all countries share the responsibility to control arms exports carefully, be transparent about where weapons go, and hold each other accountable for this. | |
| Country: | Bangladesh |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The delegation of the republic of Bangladesh recognizes the illicit trade in small arms and
light weapons as one of the biggest threats to international peace and security where the
republic reaffirms its commitment to global peace and security. We recognize that the
weapons are a tool of violence and can lead to devastating consequences from single
crimes to terrorism. The easy availability of arms and light weapons fuel conflict and an
endless cycle of violence and human rights abuses. We affirm this issue and are prepared
to come up with solutions that tackle the root causes of its supply and demand of illicit
trade in small arms and light weapons.
We have had a long and tragic history of illicit trade in small arms and light weapons where the country situated in a geopolitical region continues to face these issues especially around the cross borders of the country. As mentioned above, a primary cause of the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons takes place mainly due to cross border trade with India where in fact the Bangladesh National Weapons Survey (2022) found that 70% of said weapons entered the 2 country through the country’s cross-border with India and Myanmar. It has been noted that the increased activity of illicit trade in small arms and light weapons is linked to higher homicide cases, human smuggling, and piracy in the country. We recognize that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons is not only a security crisis but also a threat to humanitarian and development aspects of the country that require holistic solutions. We, the Republic of Bangladesh, stand ready to combat this issue where we recognize the severe impact it can have on the country and its people. We believe that through stronger international cooperation with the UN as well as its neighboring countries as well as strengthening the borders and regulating online marketplaces that distribute such weapons can reduce the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons as well as its impact on communities. | |
| Country: | Belarus |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Jaeden Knopf
Country: The Republic of Belarus
First Committee of the General Assembly: Disarmament and International Security
Topic I: Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours The Republic of Belarus recognizes outer space as a shared and vital domain for the scientific and economic development of all humankind. Belarus reaffirms that space must remain exclusively for peaceful purposes and calls on all nations to refrain from weaponizing space or taking actions that could lead to instability and militarization. Belarus additionally calls on all nations to take concrete steps towards implementing the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) agenda and to further negotiations on the proposed Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space (PPWT). The PAROS initiative seeks to prevent the deployment of weapons in orbit, halt the growing militarization and weaponization of space, and promote transparency and cooperation in outer space activities. The PPWT provides a necessary, legally binding framework that would fill the gaps left by the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which only prohibits weapons of mass destruction, and not conventional weapons or anti-satellite weapons. The Republic of Belarus has consistently supported international efforts to limit the weaponization of space, including being a signatory to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and voting in favor of related General Assembly resolutions. The Republic of Belarus remains committed to advancing multilateral negotiations to ensure that outer space is preserved as a peaceful and cooperative domain for all nations. | |
| Country: | Belarus |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Topic II: The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects
The Republic of Belarus recognizes the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons as a persistent threat to international peace, stability, and civilian safety. Belarus supports the implementation of the UN Programme of Action and the International Tracing Instrument, and has continually cooperated with other nations within these programs. Belarus must stress, however, that measures must not interfere with states’ sovereign right to manufacture, export, and import arms for legitimate defense purposes. Belarus is concerned that the Arms Trade Treaty may impose uneven restrictions and assessment criteria that could disadvantage non-NATO and non-EU countries. While the Republic of Belarus is not a signatory to the ATT, it has cooperated within the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) framework to enhance border controls and prevent illicit arms flows. Belarus also contributes to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) initiatives on the marking and tracing of small arms. | |
| Country: | Belgium |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| We have historically invested in cooperative research and development strategies involving our own industry and within the interests of the ESA. As a founding member of the ESA and its predecessors, we have played a role in defining United Nations space policy, notably through the Outer Space Treaty (1967), the Liability Convention (1971), the Registration Convention (1975), and the Moon Agreement (1979). Our efforts in these treaties, and in the body as a whole, has maintained a consensus for debris conscience and non-militarized efforts in space. In 2005 we established the Law of 17 September 2005 (Activities of Launching, Flight Operation or Guidance of Space Objects), which was then revised in both 2013 and 2022 under the king's decree. The 2022 revisions specifically focused on regulating and encouraging the NewSpace phenomenon, placing BELPSO in charge of applications, registrations, and guidelines for Belgium's space industry. In performing this discussion, we hope to uphold both the rights of private industry and the standards of security that have historically defined the UN’s space policy. We believe it is through programs like BELSPO’s NewSpace initiatives that nations can retain sovereignty and correctly mitigate their own industry. BELSPO has helped Belgium accurately address communication standardizations and debris issues within our own nation and we further recommend its policy and protections in this panel. However, we have not been able to address the further militarization of space within our own decrees and therefore look towards resolution in this council on how to correctly mitigate the militarization of private industry. We hope that these standards for security can be defined through further interaction between the states comprising the ESA, along with other space capable nations who want to ensure a continued peace. The space race has entered a new era, one which requires a focus on both mediation and constructive policy for the universal betterment of humanity. | |
| Country: | Belgium |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Concerning nuclear weapons, Belgium has stood in opposition to the TPNW (Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons). However, Belgium is not opposed to disarmament, but views the TPNW as the wrong approach. Instead, it has advocated for the NPT (Treaty of Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons), which calls for verifiable and irreversible reductions by nuclear-weapon states. Belgium also sees the value of Nuclear weapons as a deterrent and is a member of NATO, currently housing 10-15 US B61 nuclear bombs, and has no independent weapons of mass destruction. Regarding conventional weapons, Belgium has historically been a large supporter of humanitarian disarmament treaties. Belgium is a part of the Ottawa Treaty against anti- personnel mines and the Oslo Convention against cluster bombs, and believes they should be universally adopted. Belgium is also a supporter of strengthening the UN program action on small arms and light weapons. Belgium sees such action as a meaningful way to address new manufacturing technology and combat weapons trafficking. Moving forward, Belgium will continue to advocate for a disarmament procedure that upholds the sovereignty and security of itself and its fellow member states. It is key that all disarmament procedures account for the deterring role that nuclear arms play in maintaining the safety of nations from other actors. That is why Belgium is a proud advocate for NPT and sees this as a viable solution to the nuclear problem without compromising national security. As we currently stand on a globe built on mutually assured destruction, we must move past this in a clear path of slow but effective multilateral disarmament. We must also continue to pursue humanitarian efforts to combat conventional weaponry and strengthen UN action on small arms and light weapons. | |
| Country: | Brazil |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| It is only natural for man to desire to explore space. What is not a good thing about exploring space, is the potential for catastrophic events and detriment to humanity. The United Nations was created to uphold international peace, and that includes what is out of this world. Developing technology and advancing science that allows for more innovation, creation, and cooperation is the ultimate goal. While previous actions taken have ensured peace in space, there are areas that are lacking. Non-state actors that are not bound to UN rules and treaties puts the world at risk. More so, while there are treaties preventing the weaponization of space, the development of anti-satellite weaponry has led to potential threats of catastrophe on Earth because of left over satellites and other debris. The world is not currently enroute to making space a sustainable sector. The UN must work together with member states in order to develop multilateral guidelines that the private sector can be bound to, provide solutions to space debris, and strengthen treaties that prevent any weaponry used in space that would pose a risk to the human race. | |
| Country: | Brazil |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| There are many things happening around the world when it comes to SALW (Small arms and light weapons). In this case the delegation is heavily against SALW. They strongly believe that a key part to this will be the ATT (Arms Trade treaty) which will set responsible weapon trades and hopefully make less crimes. They were also a big part of the disarmament statue of 2003 which made weapons need to be registered and got rid of civilian ownership. Unfortunately in many states, civilians continue to access, to purchase and to possess weapons illegally. The international community must recommit itself to ensure that citizens obtain weapons in a legal, registered manner. The UN must work with all partners to ensure this process. Together through regional organizations such as MERCOSUR and OAS we can share intelligence and monitor weapons trades, strengthen border security and paying attention that weapon ownership is rare, registered, and lawful. | |
| Country: | Burundi |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Burundi recognizes that the militarization of outer space threatens the
security and prosperity of all nations. Although Burundi does not possess launch or
satellite capabilities, it depends on space systems for communication, agriculture,
education, and disaster response. The increasing number of debris objects and the testing
of destructive anti-satellite weapons place these vital systems at risk. For developing
countries, the peaceful use of space is essential to achieving sustainable growth and
resilience. Protecting this shared domain is therefore a matter of both national and global
importance.
The United Nations has consistently affirmed that outer space must remain a domain devoted to peaceful purposes. Resolutions such as A/RES/76/231 and A/RES/78/246 have promoted confidence through transparency and the prevention of an arms race in outer space. In addition, the UN has advanced initiatives such as the Early Warnings for All program, which improves climate and disaster preparedness through satellite data. This has supported the African Union's Agenda 2063 to ensure equitable access to space technology. Together, these actions demonstrate the UN's commitment to fostering responsible behavior and cooperation among Member States in orbit. To further this progress, the Republic of Burundi supports the creation of binding international norms that prohibit destructive weapon testing and require transparent reporting of space activities. We call for stronger collaboration among spacefaring powers to share data on debris mitigation and orbital traffic. Burundi endorses the work of the African Space Agency and supports regional satellite projects that strengthen weather forecasting and early warning systems. Our government believes that space should remain a shared domain dedicated to peace and sustainable development. We urge this Assembly to convert voluntary guidelines into enforceable commitments that prevent the weaponization of space and preserve its benefits for all humankind. | |
| Country: | Burundi |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Burundi faces persistent challenges from the illicit trade in small arms and
light weapons, which continues to destabilize the Great Lakes Region and threaten
national security. The uncontrolled movement of arms across borders empowers non-
state groups to fuel violence and displaces communities. Renewed fighting in neighboring
states of North and South Kivu, including the resurgence of the M23, has forced more
than 90,000 refugees into Burundi. Our government recognizes that lasting peace cannot
be achieved while the refugee crisis unfolding before us continues unchecked.
The United Nations has made significant progress in addressing the threat of small arms through instruments such as the Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons and the International Tracing Instrument. These frameworks have encouraged Member States to maintain transparent records of arms transfers and strengthen export controls. Regional initiatives such as the Nairobi Protocol and the work of the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa have also advanced coordination among African nations to reduce the spread of illegal weapons. Burundi commends these efforts as essential foundations for regional security. Building on these initiatives, the Republic of Burundi has strengthened its National Commission on Small Arms and Light Weapons and worked with UNREC to improve data collection and border monitoring. Mapping missions have enhanced our capacity to trace and report illegal weapons, yet technical assistance remains limited. We call upon the international community to expand programs for tracing technology and intelligence sharing. Along with the reintegration of former combatants, we believe that citizens must view disarmament as a path to safety and stability, not vulnerability. Burundi urges all Member States to show solidarity with nations most affected by illicit arms and to support practical, local initiatives to restore peace across the Great Lakes Region. | |
| Country: | Cambodia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Kingdom of Cambodia emphasizes the importance of multilateral cooperation on political issues, such as reducing space threats through norms and principles of responsible behavior. Cambodia advocates for working together to prevent space from turning into a hostile environment. The Kingdom of Cambodia is committed to using space for peaceful purposes and activities; such as research, disaster relief, telecommunications, and sustainable development. We strongly oppose the placement of weapons in space due to the risk it poses for people on earth. | |
| Country: | Cambodia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Kingdom of Cambodia acknowledges that the trade and proliferation of small arms and light weapons pose serious challenges by fueling unrest, criminal activities, and armed conflicts, which in turn undermine peace, security, and sustainable development at both the regional and global levels. The widespread availability of these weapons also leads to profound humanitarian consequences, including physical injuries, displacement of communities, and lasting psychological trauma, particularly affecting vulnerable groups such as women and children. In recognition of these detrimental impacts, Cambodia firmly supports the Arms Trade Treaty as an essential framework to regulate the international arms trade, prevent illicit trafficking, and strengthen efforts to promote stability, development, and lasting peace within the region and across the world. | |
| Country: | Chile |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| In just six decades, humanity has gone from launching Sputnik to managing over 30,000 trackable objects in orbit, a realm once defined by wonder now shadowed by risk. We see outer space as a shared domain open to all, owned by none. Yet as technological capability spreads and new actors emerge, the potential for miscalculation, debris, and weaponization increases dramatically. We reaffirm its support for the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability (LTS) of Outer Space Activities under General Assembly Resolution 74/82, alongside the Open-Ended Working Group on Reducing Space Threats (Resolution 76/231). These mechanisms are indispensable, but voluntary norms alone are no longer enough to guarantee peace above Earth.
Recent years have seen a disturbing escalation in anti-satellite (ASAT) testing, debris generation, and opaque military activity. For developing nations, the consequences are especially severe. Many rely on shared or leased satellite infrastructure for weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and emergency response. A collision in orbit could cripple humanitarian coordination or obstruct critical data flows, undermining global progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Thus, we call for a Framework Convention on Responsible Space Behavior, a legally binding agreement focused on non-weaponization, transparency, debris mitigation, and responsible data sharing. To reinforce this, we propose a set of confidence-building measures: open data exchanges, independent peer reviews of national space policies, and stronger coordination between COPUOS and the UN First Committee on Disarmament. We also advocate expanding the UN-SPIDER program to directly connect responsible space practices with humanitarian benefits such as disaster risk reduction, early-warning systems, and sustainable resource management. While this Committee has advanced efforts to ensure safety in outer space, we believe that commitment must now lead to action. We call for the drafting of a Framework Convention by 2030 to transform voluntary pledges into binding international law preserving peace, rebuilding trust, and securing outer space as a domain of sustainability and shared progress for all humankind. | |
| Country: | Chile |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| For over two decades, we have stood as a steadfast and constructive presence within the First Committee, actively advancing the global agenda on disarmament and arms control. From its early support for the 2001 Programme of Action and the 2005 International Tracing Instrument to its co-sponsorship of resolutions such as A/RES/60/81 (2005) and A/RES/70/49 (2015) on combating the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, our record reflects both consistency and conviction. Through regional cooperation with UNODA and initiatives under Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004), we have translated multilateral commitments into national capacity and South–South collaboration, transforming words into sustained action.
Chile envisions a world where every weapon is accounted for, where transparency replaces secrecy, and where no community lives in fear of arms diverted from legality to violence. We urge this Committee to adopt a concrete implementation roadmap by 2026, turning promises into systems that work. Peace demands vigilance. Each weapon traced, each loophole closed, strengthens the wall between order and chaos. Chile stands ready to act to help build a world where disarmament is not an aspiration, but an achievement shared by all humankind. Every illegal weapon traded, every reckless act in orbit, is a strike against global order. We have seen what happens when the rules bend streets flooded with untraceable arms, debris fields threatening satellites, and trust between nations hanging by a thread. We believe peace is not inherited it is built. The First Committee exists to ensure that the tools of progress never become instruments of destruction. We stand ready to defend that purpose with law, cooperation, and conviction. | |
| Country: | Colombia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Colombia strongly believes that the peaceful, sustainable and
cooperative
use of
outer space lies at the heart of our national development and international responsibility.
As
a
country that has recently ratified the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States
in
the
Exploration and Use of Outer Space (the Outer Space Treaty) on 15 April 2024, the
Government of
Colombia reaffirms its commitment to the rule of law in space and to the avoidance of any
arms race
or uncontrolled militarisation beyond Earth’s atmosphere. At the same time, Colombia
emphasises
that this commitment is exercised in full respect of our constitutional sovereignty over the
segment
of the geostationary orbit above our territory, as expressed in Articles 101 and 102 of our
Constitution – a nuance we interpret as entirely consistent with international obligations.
Through
our accession to the Artemis Accords in May 2022 we have signalled our readiness to
engage
with
major space-faring nations on peaceful exploration, data sharing and transparency of
operations. In
this way, Colombia positions itself as both a normative actor and an emerging participant
in
the
global space enterprise.
Colombia’s approach emphasises multilateralism, capacity building, and national regulation. We support the work of the United Nations Open-Ended Working Group on Reducing Space Threats through Norms, Rules and Principles of Responsible Behaviour (OEWG) and joined the 28 August 2023 joint statement endorsing its process. In our domestic sphere, we are actively developing the legal and institutional framework for space activities (including registration of objects launched into outer space, national licensing and oversight) and foresee a national space policy aimed at enabling our scientific, educational and commercial objectives. We recognise that achieving the full potential of cooperation in space demands trust, transparency and adherence to norms across all states — and Colombia stands ready to work with our Latin American neighbours, regional organisations and global partners to create a stable, equitable, rule- based space environment. | |
| Country: | Colombia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Colombia strongly believes that the illicit trade in small arms and light
weapons poses a persistent and foundational threat to our national security, to the rule of
law, to human rights and to the prospects for peace and development in our country. As one
of the States most affected by decades of armed conflict, narcotics trafficking and criminality,
Colombia underscores that the availability and diversion of such weapons undermines the
capacity of the State to protect its citizens and to restore the monopoly of legitimate force.
For this reason, the Government of Colombia fully supports the United Nations Programme
of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons and the International Tracing Instrument. We
have signed the Arms Trade Treaty and are pursuing its ratification in Congress, recognising
that achieving outcomes requires translating norms into effective national legislation,
oversight arrangements and enforcement mechanisms.
Colombia’s strategy embraces both domestic reform and international cooperation. Nationwide we continue to improve our methods for record-keeping, stockpile management, and destruction of surplus weapons, while enhancing inter-agency coordination and border cooperation to reduce arms diversion to non-state actors. Regionally and globally, Colombia promotes the annual United Nations General Assembly resolution on “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects” — which we co-sponsor — and invites donor and technical assistance to support capacity building in Latin America and the Caribbean. At the same time, we are conscious that major challenges remain: illegal trafficking, brokering and diversion persist, and we require sustained political will, resource mobilisation and multilateral partnership. Colombia thus remains committed to upholding an arms-control regime that supports peace, security and sustainable development for all. | |
| Country: | Cuba |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Since the end of the Space Race, outer space has remained largely unregulated, raising
universal concerns
as some nations consider developing orbital weapons platforms. Weaponizing space
poses one of
humanity’s gravest threats. Current technological limitations may delay this, but we
cannot rely on them;
the absence of weapons in space is no guarantee that it will remain that way.
Cuba supports the peaceful, unarmed use of space. Our nation ratified the Outer Space Treaty (1967) as a collective declaration that space is the “province of all mankind.” We strongly support the proposed PAROS and PPWT treaties, which would strengthen prohibitions on space- based weapons. Both remain stalled, leaving space governance exposed to unilateral actions. Cuba is concerned that some states refuse to negotiate a binding instrument preventing an arms race in space while pursuing military space doctrines. Such actions threaten the spirit of the Outer Space Treaty and undermine collective security; Cuba, therefore, urges that resources be redirected from militarization toward scientific cooperation and environmental stewardship. Cuba opposes using space for spy satellites, which add to congestion, debris, and the risk to peaceful applications. Cuba calls on all nations to take concrete steps: reaffirm their commitment to the peaceful use of outer space, engage in immediate multilateral negotiations for a legally binding framework, and adopt measures to keep space a domain of cooperation, not confrontation. | |
| Country: | Cuba |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Gun violence remains a critical issue, with a quarter-million preventable deaths annually,
fueled by the
illicit small arms trade. Cuba strongly condemns this illegal trade. Strict legislation and
severe penalties
have made illicit arms trading negligible in Cuba. As our Foreign Minister stated, “the
accelerated arms
race leads to competition in the field of death and destruction, employing extraordinary
financial and
material resources that could instead be dedicated to poverty alleviation, development,
and cooperation.”
This moral truth underlies the contradiction of states that condemn illicit arms trade, yet rank among the largest arms producers and exporters. These same nations claim moral authority over sovereign states, yet their actions betray the very principles they claim to defend. Real peace requires consistency, accountability, and shifting resources from weapons to human welfare. Cuba affirms that disarmament and development are inseparable. Arms race spending could address hunger, education, and public health in the Global South. Tackling root causes like poverty and inequality is essential; social justice and cooperation—not arms—are the foundation of lasting security. Cuba calls on all member states to implement the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons, the International Tracing Instrument, and the Firearms Protocol. Cuba urges all nations to apply the Arms Trade Treaty impartially and strengthen controls on small arms. We advocate redirecting resources from armaments to development, equality, and well-being. Cuba invites constructive engagement in multilateral negotiations for a lasting and comprehensive solution, reinforcing Sustainable Development Goal 16 and the 2030 Agenda. | |
| Country: | Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea has recognized the current issue of space
threats regarding norms, and principal behaviors. In a brief summary, this issue is best
described as Democratic People’s Republic of Korea currently being defensive about their
space defenses, for example, our leader Kim Jong Un, at the moment, heavily dislikes
United States' proposal of a Golden Dome that could be a trigger of Space Wars and the
use of Nuclear Weapons against other countries/ Us. In the latest response Democratic of
People’s Republic of Korea has stated that if they messed up or interfered with our
Satellites it would be an act of war, allowing us to declare war against whoever interferes
with them. Other Nations such as China has jumped into the conversation of the Golden
Dome Proposal.
The Golden Dome Proposal, presented by President of the United States, Donald Trump. The golden dome is an Defensive weapon that obstructs completely Peace and Stabilization of the globe as we know it, this Dome’s purpose is for the country of the United States to impede any possible missile, nuclear, airborne attacks on its nation. This plan is in the “U.S First” intervention that the United States Proposes. This plan would impede peace with our nation as we would be forced to find AND develop ways to counter it or penetrate it. China has also joined us in the discussion as Chinese Leader Beijing has disputed they find the Golden Dome as provocations for declaration of war, that it would have strong defense implications and their security should not affect worldwide strategic balance and stability. What we are mostly concerned about is regarding our Satellites and territories in space, we want to prevent any interference of our space territories by all costs and measures. Any unwanted interference will be taken as an act of war, we only want to continue with peace and balance, any nation making a defense that prevents our use of defenses is a provocation of war. We do not want for anything to be serious but we are serious about our Space and protection. Our Satellites and technologies are only used within our citizens and within our ground territory, we only use it for scientific use and research and in no way is it used for defenders or offense or any other way of military or political use. Ideally we want for everyone to be allowed of Space use. No country should be a breach towards that goal. No nation should be attacking anyone else's satellites and technologies, including the means of a dome that impedes our defenses. If any nation impedes our defense use, we are forced to find ways to counter it, even if it poses risks as a globe united. As a conclusion we will not follow through if the United States does not follow and any other nation. Space shall be used as free space and nobody should interfere with ours. | |
| Country: | Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea affirms its commitment to sovereignty and the
right of all states to engage with other states as they see fit, specifically relating to
weapons production and transfers. Sovereignty and the international community’s
commitment to it is absolutely critical to create and maintain a world of free and
independent states.
Over the past several years, the international community, which is dictated solely by the hegemonic United States, has imposed numerous ludicrous sanctions on the DPRK that limit our ability to ensure our national security; they claim it is in response to what they allege are violations of international law and dangerous behavior conducted by the DPRK. This is clearly an attempt to isolate the DPRK, diminish our ability to protect ourselves, and humiliate us. The beginning of this pattern of unfair targeting and punishment began with UNSC Resolution 1718 in 2006, which limited certain legitimate and necessary weapons sales and transfers, and has continued with eight additional UNSC Resolutions which further restricted our ability to ensure our national security. The DPRK has never engaged in the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons but maintains legitimate weapons productions and transfers that are allowed under international law thus why the sanctions are unwarranted and ludicrous. We subsequently deny any accusations of wrongdoing which have been spread far and wide in an effort to tarnish our reputation and hurt our people. Our position is that negotiations within this council should focus on how the unfair and unwarranted sanctions placed upon us for ensuring our national security by the Security Council can be fixed. The DPRK stands firmly on the side of sovereignty and the right of every state to ensure its national security in the manner it sees fit. | |
| Country: | Denmark |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| As humankind’s reliance on outer space deepens, the Kingdom of Denmark views space as a global commons that must remain peaceful, secure, and sustainable for future generations. The increasing militarization of outer space, coupled with the growing risk of debris proliferation, threatens not only international stability but also scientific and commercial progress that benefits all nations. In this new frontier, Denmark believes that the rule of law must govern the race for dominance. Denmark’s commitment to responsible space governance is rooted in its long-standing support for multilateralism and international cooperation. Denmark is a signatory to the Outer Space Treaty (1967), the Rescue Agreement (1968), the Registration Convention (1975), and the Liability Convention (1972), all of which form the bedrock of global space law. Domestically, the Danish Outer Space Act of 2016 mandates debris-mitigation measures for all national space activities, ensuring that our own operations uphold the same standards we call for internationally. In 2024, Denmark reaffirmed its progressive leadership by joining the Artemis Accords, reflecting our support for transparency, peaceful exploration, and responsible conduct beyond Earth. Yet, treaties alone are not enough. Denmark urges the international community to strengthen the implementation of UN General Assembly Resolution 77/41 on norms of responsible behavior and Resolution 76/231 on the prevention of an arms race in outer space (PAROS). Denmark calls for the establishment of confidence-building measures, including transparent satellite registration, information-sharing mechanisms, and the creation of a UN working group on space traffic management under the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS). Through these efforts, Denmark seeks to preserve outer space as a domain of cooperation rather than competition. The decisions made today will determine whether humanity’s future in space is defined by shared progress or by conflict. | |
| Country: | Denmark |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Kingdom of Denmark recognizes that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW) remains one of the most persistent threats to international peace and human security. The unregulated flow of these weapons fuels armed conflicts, sustains organized crime, and undermines fragile states. Denmark believes that combating this trade is not only a matter of security but also a moral obligation to protect civilians, uphold human rights, and prevent humanitarian crises. Denmark is a signatory to the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) and actively implements the UN Program of Action (PoA) on SALW, which together provide a global framework to curb the illicit flow of weapons. At the regional level, Denmark aligns with the European Union’s Council Decision 2022/1965, supporting stronger enforcement of the PoA and assisting states in developing national control systems. In cooperation with Nordic partners, Denmark continues to promote transparency in arms transfers, uphold UN sanctions regimes, and prevent diversion of legally traded arms into illicit markets. However, Denmark recognizes that enforcement gaps persist. To close them, Denmark advocates for the creation of an international tracing and verification mechanism under the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) to ensure accountability in arms transfers. Additionally, Denmark supports enhanced data-sharing on cross-border trafficking routes and expanded funding for post-conflict disarmament and reintegration programs. Reducing illicit arms flows will not only advance global security but also safeguard humanitarian access and support post-conflict recovery. Denmark remains steadfast in its belief that sustainable peace depends on disarmament grounded in transparency, responsibility, and cooperation. Through shared commitment and rigorous monitoring, the world can end the illicit trade in arms and reaffirm the principle that peace, not proliferation, must be the foundation of global security. | |
| Country: | Djibouti |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The United Nations has affirmed the action of furthering the practice of responsible international relations in space, as evident in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty -- which lays the foundational framework, purposed to guide nation-states in implementing responsible, safe outer space relations with other member-states. For example, the 1967 Outer Space Treaty serves as a precautionary measure of necessary prevention against arms races amongst the international body, in space. The Republic of Djibouti is committed to responsible international relations in space, as evident in the support shown of A/RES/76/231 and A/RES/78/20, which entail the promotion of unilateral peace throughout space -- enabling all countries equal and fair opportunities and peaceful relations. Furthermore these resolutions were expanded by the 21 Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, instated by the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) in 2019. Djibouti has implemented the necessary principles of peaceful relations in space in domestic measures as well. For example, the delegation of Djibouti passed Djibouti 1-A in November of 2020, which aims to improve communication and data collection throughout the country, as well as partnering with Ride Space to launch the Djibouti 1-B satellite in December of 2024, harnessing climate data collection. To reduce the threat of outer-space arms races amongst member-states, Djibouti has always acted within the purview of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, and the related UN resolutions. The Republic of Djibouti looks forward to collaboration with other member-states, in efforts to promote nation-state independence and sovereignty in space relations, while still abiding under United Nations guidelines. | |
| Country: | Djibouti |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Djibouti acknowledges the necessity of disarmament in cultivating global prosperity, and lasting peace among nations, as evidenced of their support for the Programme of Action (PoA) and enforcement of the International Tracing Instrument (ITI), in the passage of UN General Assembly Resolution 79/40. This resolution served as a necessary measure by means to address the widespread, devastating impact of small arms and light weapons (SALW) and to strengthen the method of tracing illicit weapons. In 2014, the Republic of Djibouti also signed and ratified the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), demonstrating Djibouti’s unequivocal affirmation of the rigorous international regulation of arms transfers. The Republic of Djibouti acknowledges the contemporary security challenges of illicit trading of weapons, which has empowered piracy, terror groups, and ignited other localized conflicts -- destabilizing the balance of the international body. Therefore, Djibouti is steadfastly committed to fostering cooperation with other Member States of the United Nations and neighboring allies in multilateral agreements to ensure security against external perils. Henceforth, the Republic of Djibouti endorses the reinforcement of regional cooperation, the promotion of international transparency, and the enhancement of border security in efforts to implement safe and responsible light weaponry usage. The Republic of Djibouti also requests member states to support the comprehensive implementation of the ATT, PoA, and ITI, coupled with an unwavering commitment to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 16. The delegation of Djibouti aims to work with other Member States, driven by the principles set forth by the foundational resolutions of the UN, to maintain peace and security among the international body. | |
| Country: | Egypt |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| From the moment the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite on October 4,
1957, the world has experienced a paradigm shift regarding space exploration. In the
ensuing years, nations projected their power, technology, and even citizens into space. As
space-related technologies have grown in sophistication and prevalence, the issue of
space threats has also been brought to the forefront of global security issues. In
particular, the development and testing of anti-satellite weapons (ASATs) is raising
concerns about potential weaponization of space. The UN has acknowledged the need for
Member States to ensure peaceful norms and use of outer space through bolstering
international space law and utilization of UN-SPIDER (UN Platform for Space-based
Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response). The Arab Republic of
Egypt adamantly supports these initiatives, and emphasizes the need to establish strict
global norms and regulations preventing the weaponization of space. Egypt seeks to
monitor and limit the capabilities of ASATs, which are created with the intent to destroy or
disable satellites. Moreover, these safeguards should mirror existing non-proliferation
agreements and be uniformly upheld by the international community.
The Arab Republic of Egypt has actively been developing its space program since 1960. We are currently an emerging space-faring nation with ambitions to explore space, while protecting and advancing lives on Earth through peaceful uses of outer space. Our government has drafted legislation to create a national space agency, with aims to harness space technology for economic development and national security. With 14 satellites in orbit, Egypt is a leader among African states in terms of space infrastructure. Thus, Egypt is deeply committed to preserving the right of all nations to peaceful and productive utilization of outer space as emerging technologies pose unpredictable concerns. Egypt calls on UN Member States to formally agree to maintain a weapon-free zone in outer space. This must include banning ASATs and similar combative space technologies, following the example of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In order to improve enforceability of these standards, non-proliferation of space-based weaponry may be connected to international funding and partnerships with space agencies. One example is the Egypt-led pan-African project, the African Development Satellite Initiative (AfDev-Sat). This satellite technology training program connecting Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Sudan and Egypt is one instance of a multinational cooperation framework which can formulate a regional accountability system to protect extraterrestrial assets. | |
| Country: | Egypt |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The ability to buy and sell weapons through legal channels is an essential part of
preserving state security internally and relative to the rest of the world. However, the illicit
trafficking of these products undermines and jeopardizes civilian safety, threatens rule of
law, and has extensive economic costs. Small arms and light weapons (SALW)– pistols,
rifles, machine guns, and rocket launchers designed to be used by individuals– are
particularly elusive in illicit weapons trade channels. Their proliferation fuels and extends
conflict, facilitates crime, and is often linked to human trafficking and violence against
women. According to the 2018 Small Arms Survey, there are currently over 1 billion SALW
in circulation worldwide, roughly 85% of which are civilian-owned. The cost of human life
is significant. In 2021 alone, there were an average 700 SALW-related deaths per day,
according to the UN Secretary General.
The Arab Republic of Egypt urges the United Nations to pursue a strict, comprehensive course of action to limit the illicit trade and trafficking of SALW, especially across borders. We are personally impacted by this black market weapons smuggling, especially in the key locations of the Sinai Peninsula, Libyan border, and Sudanese border. Egypt remains fully committed to a balanced and credible multilateral effort to tackle the challenges and threats posed by SALW trafficking. We also stress the importance of preserving the rights of nation states to continue purchasing weapons for their own defense needs. To this end, we will not support any manipulation of terms of weapons supply for formal channels. Egypt is the world’s third-largest importer of weapons and the second largest recipient of US foreign military aid. Egypt calls upon the UN to address the shortcomings of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), which lacks clear definitions and can thus be used to politicize and monopolize the legitimate trade of conventional weapons, while also permitting weapons supply to illegal armed groups and terrorist networks. The delegation of Egypt maintains that the most pressing course of action regarding illicit weapons trade is to address those certain Member States who continue deliberately supplying weapons to such illegal groups. Multiple state actors knowingly engage in the black market of weapons trade for the sake of short-term economic gain and undermining foreign regimes. This crime demands attention by the United Nations, including pressuring those governments and equipping bordering states’ surveillance and border control capabilities. | |
| Country: | El Salvador |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The topics before the First Committee are: reducing space threats through norms, rules and
principles and the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects. El Salvador is
committed to ensuring the reduction of crime in our and the surrounding nations. The nation
of El Salvador is committed to protecting its citizens by creating and enforcing laws that ensure
the safety of the country and promote growth within.
El Salvador recognizes that outer space is an increasingly vital domain for global communication, navigation, scientific research, and national security. As space technology advances, the potential for conflict in this arena grows, posing risks not only to space-faring nations but also to countries dependent on satellite technology for development and security, such as El Salvador. While our nation is not a central space-faring state, we are committed to promoting international norms, rules, and principles that prevent the militarization and weaponization of space. El Salvador supports transparency measures, the responsible sharing of space technology, and cooperative monitoring efforts to ensure that space activities are conducted safely and peacefully. We call on all Member States to uphold agreements such as the Outer Space Treaty and to work collectively to establish new frameworks that reduce space threats, prevent the proliferation of anti-satellite weapons, and safeguard the long-term sustainability of outer space for future generations. By doing so, El Salvador believes that the international community can foster a secure and predictable space environment, which benefits security and development worldwide. | |
| Country: | El Salvador |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| El Salvador is deeply committed to creating a safe and secure environment for all its citizens, recognizing that national stability is essential for sustainable development and economic growth. High levels of crime, particularly gang-related violence and the illicit flow of small arms, continue to pose significant challenges to public safety and social cohesion. In response, El Salvador has implemented comprehensive strategies combining strict law enforcement with community-oriented initiatives to prevent crime and support vulnerable populations. These efforts include strengthening policing capabilities, improving judicial processes, and investing in rehabilitation and reintegration programs for at-risk individuals. Beyond security, the government prioritizes promoting economic growth through infrastructure development, education, and job creation, ensuring citizens can access opportunities that reduce their vulnerability to crime. El Salvador believes that by fostering both safety and socio-economic development, the nation can create a more prosperous and stable society while contributing to regional peace and security by reducing the factors that drive violence and instability in neighboring countries. | |
| Country: | Ethiopia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| We recognize that outer space is absolutely necessary for modern development, scientific
innovation, and international peace. However, space use is becoming more prevalent and
even spreading to the private sector, resulting in new threats that jeopardize the
sustainability, safety, and peaceful use of outer space such as orbital debris, anti-satellite
tests (ASAT), cyberattacks, and the absence of binding legal frameworks governing
responsible behavior in outer space. We believe that the peaceful, cooperative, and
sustainable use of space can only be preserved through the strengthening of international
norms and principles of responsible conduct. In order to cooperate, it is crucial that
countries are transparent and ensure equitable access to the benefits of space for all
nations, especially developing states seeking to harness space for sustainable development.
Our approach to this issue is centered around peaceful use of space, equitable access, and sustainable development. Although we are new to the space domain, with our first satellite launch in 2019, we view space technology as a powerful tool for addressing climate change, disaster management, and agricultural productivity. We support international norms that promote responsible behavior in space. As a member of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and the African Union, we advocate for greater participation of developing nations in space governance. Regionally, Ethiopia is working through the African Union and the African Space Agency to promote collective space governance, data-sharing, and regional resilience. Cooperation among African nations enhances confidence-building, transparency, and safety while strengthening technical capabilities. Ethiopia also supports regional mechanisms to establish debris mitigation protocols, shared satellite surveillance, and cyber defense measures to protect vital space infrastructure. Ethiopia remains particularly concerned about the weaponization of space and the destabilizing effects of ASAT tests and military competition. Such activities risk creating debris that can harm civilian satellites, including those used for weather forecasting and humanitarian relief across Africa. Furthermore, as a country vulnerable to climate change, Ethiopia underscores that protecting space assets used for environmental monitoring is a moral and developmental imperative. | |
| Country: | Ethiopia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| We recognize that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW) remains one of the
most persistent threats to peace, security, and development. The widespread availability of
these weapons fuels conflict, terrorism, and organized crime, undermining governance and
human security across regions. Their portability, low cost, and long lifespan make them the
weapon of choice for insurgents and criminal groups, while porous borders and weak
stockpile management allow illicit trafficking to flourish. In the Horn of Africa, where fragile
states and ongoing conflicts have created fertile ground for arms smuggling, Ethiopia views
this issue as a direct challenge to both national stability and regional peace.
Our approach to this issue is centered around responsible arms control, regional cooperation, and respect for national sovereignty. Ethiopia fully supports the United Nations Programme of Action (PoA) and the International Tracing Instrument (ITI) as key frameworks to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in SALW. We have taken concrete steps to implement these instruments through improved marking, tracing, and secure stockpile management, and we have been an active member of the Nairobi Protocol and the Regional Centre on Small Arms (RECSA). These mechanisms enable Ethiopia and its neighbors to strengthen enforcement, share intelligence, and harmonize laws to better address the transnational dimensions of arms trafficking. Regionally, Ethiopia works through the African Union (AU), the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), and RECSA to coordinate joint efforts against illicit weapons flows. We strongly support the AU’s “Silencing the Guns” initiative, which aims to end conflicts and curb the uncontrolled spread of weapons across the continent. Ethiopia also emphasizes the importance of international assistance in capacity-building, border surveillance, and technology transfer to strengthen state institutions in post-conflict and developing regions. However, while Ethiopia supports collective disarmament and transparency, we stress that any global framework must respect the right of states to self-defense and independent security management, especially given our volatile regional environment. Ethiopia remains committed to multilateral disarmament, peacekeeping, and post-conflict recovery efforts as essential to global peace and security. We believe that addressing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons is not only a matter of arms control but also a developmental imperative. Every illicit weapon that enters circulation undermines stability, weakens institutions, and perpetuates cycles of violence. Therefore, Ethiopia calls upon the international community to strengthen the PoA, enhance regional cooperation, and ensure equitable access to resources and technology that enable effective stockpile security and border management. Only through shared commitment and mutual respect can we achieve a future free from the devastation caused by the illicit arms trade. | |
| Country: | Finland |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Finland stresses the importance of international cooperation within space threats. The delegation of Finland also believes in promoting peaceful and sustainable methods to decrease space threats through norms, collective cooperation, and regulation. Issues arise from space debris, threatening sovereignty due to the lack of enforcement and poor regulation. This delegation recognizes the importance of solidifying existing efforts to mitigate space debris, satellite threats, communications disruptions, and implementing strong principles, with a means to discourage an arms race. As a part of the European Union Space Surveillance and Tracking Consortium, Finland advocates for stable space laws and international security, recognizing the importance of scientific research and discovery to humanity’s understanding of the natural sciences. | |
| Country: | Finland |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Arms control agreements are complemented by international export control cooperation, which has an important role in the fight against terrorism and the realisation of human rights. Through its actions, Finland seeks to strengthen international arms control agreements and arrangements. Finland actively promotes nuclear disarmament and the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Finland will continue its active and constructive disarmament and arms control policies to promote international security, without weakening or questioning NATO’s nuclear deterrence. The Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) aims to prevent nuclear proliferation, to promote international cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) monitors the peaceful use of nuclear materials to prevent their use for manufacturing nuclear weapons. Finland has taken its turn as a Member of the Board of Governors of the IAEA, most recently in 2021–2024. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) aims to prevent all nuclear explosion tests worldwide. The CTBT permanently bans any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion. The Treaty will enter into force after it has been ratified by all contracting parties. | |
| Country: | France |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| According to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, it states “the exploration and use of outer
space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries and shall be the
province of all mankind”. Due to the recent rise of military presences in space, namely the
use of anti-satellite missiles and potentially nuclear weapons, some nations have failed to
uphold this treaty.
The French Republic believes that space should be accessible to everyone and that this accessibility strengthened through cooperation with other nations, particularly in scientific research and regulations against the weaponization of space, such as anti-satellite missiles. As of 2022, the French Republic is committed to not conducting destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite missile tests (DA-ASAT), and was a Co-sponsor of resolution A/77/383 (France Diplomacy, DA-ASAT). The resolution encourages nations to commit to not conducting DA- ASATs, and calls upon all states to take steps to prevent the weaponization of space. In 1961, the French Republic established the National Center for Space Studies (CNES), which aims to facilitate bilateral cooperation and shape French space policy around cooperation with other nations. The CNES has promoted scientific research cooperation with other European States, and supports the organization Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) in its goal of tracking the world's climate. The French Republic will look forward to offering its support to nations that advocate for the same goals and regulations as stated in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, and are willing to work with nations that wish to de-escalate their militarization of space. The French Republic proposes that the international community should take more time to seriously review existing guidelines for the peaceful use of outer space and set detailed regulatory policies that aim at curbing illegal behavior by some countries, particularly focusing on the current and future technological advancements. | |
| Country: | France |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| According to Goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), it guides nations to
“Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.”
However, several states are unfortunately struggling to catch up to this goal. The French
Republic is apprehensive about the loss of innocent civilian life at the hands of the illicit
acquisition of small arms and light weapons. The French Republic believes that the
International Community must take action against this issue if we wish to diminish conflict in
the world and fulfill the SDGs goals. As there are estimates that there are 800 million small
arms and light weapons in the world, the circulation of these small arms leads to half a
million deaths per year, and 90 percent of these deaths are seen in conflicts. In 2017, the
French Republic, in collaboration with the Federal Republic of Germany, launched an
initiative to fight against the spread of firearms trafficking in the Western Balkans,
with additional cooperation with local Balkan governments. The initiative had two
components: a regional road map with input from local governments, outlining 7 objectives
as they see fit. Additionally, local coordination meetings were aimed at reviewing the actions
taken and facilitating dialogue on the effectiveness of objectives.
Internationally, the French Republic is a signatory to the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), along with 116 nations. The French Republic highly recommends that the international community Impose strict and specific regulations regulating the agreed terms of conditions regulating the illegal transportation and trade of small arms. Additionally, the French Republic encourages sharing information about illegal activities done by certain states or state- sponsored terrorist organizations to increase cooperation among nations. The French Republic looks forward to offering its support to the international community that implements or is interested in implementing regulations on trade in small arms. | |
| Country: | Georgia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Georgian delegation states that outer space is and should be a peaceful, secure and sustainable area that would benefit the entire human race. Being a nation that abides by international peace and stability, Georgia stresses the relevance of international law, such as the Charter of the United Nations, to outer space activities. Georgia reminds the resolutions of the General Assembly 76/231 and 79/22, which are encouraging Member States to seek transparency, confidence-building, and responsible conduct to reduce the risks of misunderstanding, miscalculation, and conflict. We have the same interests as those mentioned in the case of an intentional destruction of space systems, resulting in an extended orbital debris that poses a threat to both civilian and military space resources. In this respect, we embrace the increasing tendency of States to avoid tests of destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite missiles and also feel that this habit ought to become a global standard. Georgia acknowledges the increasing dependency of societies on space-based services, including communications and navigation, to disaster response, and as a consequence, it is important to note that the security of these assets is critical to human security. We promote international collaboration in space situational awareness, capacity-building and the inter- State Consultation mechanisms. | |
| Country: | Georgia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Since our independence in 1991, renewed conflicts have found themselves spilling over our borders, bringing with them vast amounts of unanticipated, unwanted, often illegal weapons. These transfers of weapons pose a serious threat not only to Georgia and its sovereignty, but to the global community at large. We believe that it is not only in our interest, but the community’s interest, to further regulate the movement of illegal small arms, prevent their misuse and maintain order through reducing the number of inefficient security resources. This does not advocate a reduction of security measures, but rather a consolidation of assets to ensure that the military is as unified and effective as possible in keeping people safe. Georgia welcomes the international support it has already received for the legal framework in slowing the trade of illicit arms. Georgia would like to note its success with weapons collections, increased faith in the justice system under the Georgian dream party, and closer management of state small arms holdings alongside increased border regulations, especially near Georgian regions that are currently out of state control. With this in mind, we hope nations across the globe can learn from our connected past and propel us into an even safer future. | |
| Country: | Germany |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| We support and encourage international cooperation in space exploration and scientific
and space research, as established by the United Nations Conferences between 1982 and
1996. However, the emergence of new private players, combined with significant growth
in the space industry, raises the threat of an uncontrollable situation that goes beyond
the regulatory framework provided by the United Nations Conference.
Since the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957, humans have accumulated no less than 20,000 objects and debris in orbit around our planet. This is a frightening number when we consider that the space industry is set to almost double in size by 2033. The conclusion is clear: we can no longer consider outer space as a dumping ground, not only for environmental reasons, but also and above all for safety reasons. Finally, we are concerned about the transgression of certain historic treaties and conventions. Less than a century after its establishment, the Outer Space Treaty, ratified in 1963, already seems to be under threat. Treaties and principles that were supposed to prevent the deployment of weapons of any kind in space are now being ignored, on the one hand, by new players in the space race and, unfortunately and more worryingly, by the signatories to these same treaties. Nevertheless, we firmly believe in the ability of the United Nations Conference to find solutions, reach compromises, and ensure world peace. In the spirit of cooperation and the pursuit of a peaceful and stable community, we are committed to promoting cooperation and responsible behavior through incentives, negotiations, and, if necessary, sanctions against those who seek to compromise these objectives. We also support strict compliance with regulations prohibiting the use of outer space as an area for conflict and military armament. However, we wish to reaffirm our full support for international space collaboration efforts for the purposes of scientific exploration and discovery. | |
| Country: | Germany |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects We believe in our unwavering commitment to addressing and curbing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW), and to extending assistance to those members requiring support in this regard. We further emphasize the essential role of sustained cooperation among all members of the international community in combating this challenge. In this context, we express our hope that the programme of action intends to address the issues of small arms through further implementation of international tracing instruments. We believe that such a programme, or any further agreement necessitates a clearly defined timetable for the implementation of effective and verifiable measures aimed at: reducing the global circulation of SALW; preventing unauthorized and destabilizing transfers; promoting transparency and accountability; mitigating the impact of such weapons on human security; curbing their contribution to armed conflict; and preventing their use in violations of human rights. Germany remains a key supporter against the trade of SALW, and the prevention of SALW trafficking is a crucial aspect of European and global peacebuilding. We support the usage of practical assistance projects that utilize technical expertise to reaffirm the ideals of conventional arms control. Through direct contributions, we have aided in the prevention of illicit SALW trades across the borders of fellow UN member states and will continue to pledge resources to non-proliferation projects globally. SALW trades can be solved through the usage of domestic “destruction following decommission” principles and newer training guides on stockpile management for law enforcement. Ultimately, through global cooperation and strategic implementation, small arms and light weapons trading can become a challenge of the past, and the peace and security of nations bolsters a stronger future unity. | |
| Country: | Greece |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Hellenic Republic (Greece) believes that through norms, rules and principles of
responsible behavior, we can reduce space threats. Greece has three satellites in space and
is currently undergoing other projects regarding microsatellites, state satellites, and a
partnership with a global company for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites. Greece
believes that Member States and private actors can explore space and utilize technology in
peaceful ways.
Greece supports multiple space treaties, laws, and committees, including the United Nations Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space, the works and efforts of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), AC.1/78/L.15/Rev.1, and other norms such as Member States and private actors being held liable for any damage done to States’ technology, and maintaining the use of the United Nations Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space. Greece suggests that Member States and other private actors continue to uphold and abide by the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space and to continue practice of the norms previously mentioned. | |
| Country: | Greece |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Hellenic Republic (Greece) remains firm in the position that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW) continues to be a threat to not only international peace, and human security, but overall sustainable development for Member States as well. Greece’s geographical proximity to regions, such as the Balkans and the Mediterranean, which are historically affected by small arms trafficking, signifies the particular national and regional importance this issue holds. The delegation of Greece strongly supports the full implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action on SALW, the Arms Trade Treaty, in addition to various other relevant EU instruments. Greece suggests developing a resolution that fundamentally strengthens border and port security with joint cross‑border operations, improves stockpile management and traceability through regional programmes, and increases implementation of capacity building measures especially for Member States in areas most affected by this issue. The delegation of the Hellenic Republic will continue to advocate for comprehensive international cooperation, which will be essential to combat the illicit SALW trade in all its aspects. | |
| Country: | Guyana |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| While not a spacefaring nation, there is no doubt that Guyana, along with every other nation,
spacefaring and not, are affected by the activities that occur in space. This was displayed in
January of this year, with the explosion of the SpaceX Starship. While no debris directly hit
Guyana, Guyana was still impacted. Juan Edghill, the minister of Public Works, said in a
statement that “We had delays both outbound and inbound, but the Director of the Guyana
Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) Colonel Egbert Field and the Head of Air Navigation Services
Rickford Samar (air traffic controllers) were in communication with the relevant people.” The
Director of the GCAA confirmed that this incident caused air traffic delays, considering
inbound and outbound flights had to travel through the airspace of affected countries.
Guyana firmly believes that all nations which have ratified the Treaty on Principles Governing
the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and
Other Celestial Bodies fully uphold it. Article VI of this treaty obligates all state parties to bear
international responsibility for the national activities occurring in outer space. This extends
not only to government organizations conducting activities in space, but also non-
governmental organizations such as SpaceX. The Convention on International Liability for
Damage Caused by Space Objects also has provisions regarding damage caused by space
debris, with Article II stating that “A launching State shall be absolutely liable to pay
compensation for damage caused by its space object on the surface of the earth or to
aircraft flight.” If in the Future spaceships fly under the Guyana’s flag, all applicable
responsibilities will be honored. At present, Guyana simply commends all spacefaring
nations to fulfill their responsibilities.
“Guyana Was in Contact with Aviation Authorities over Exploded Starship Debris - Edghill,” Stabroek News, January 18, 2025, https://www.stabroeknews.com/2025/01/18/news/guyana/guyana-was-in-contact-with- aviation-authorities-over-exploded-starship-debris-edghill/. UN RES 2222 (XXI), 1966, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/oosadoc/data/resolutions/1966/general_assembly_21st_sessi on/res_2222_xxi.html UN RES 2777 (XXVI), 1971, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/liability-convention.html | |
| Country: | Guyana |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| As the first country from the Americas and the second country in the world to ratify the Arms
Trade Treaty, Guyana is firmly committed to curbing the illegal small arms trade: protecting
the safety and sovereignty of not only Guyana’s borders, but also the safety and sovereignty
of the global community. As acknowledged by the Guyanese ambassador to the UN, Trishala
Persaud, “the illicit proliferation and trafficking of small arms and light weapons and their
ammunition fuel violence, undermine security, and hinder sustainable development, at
devastating costs to millions of people.” The Ambassador also stated that “We also
emphasize the importance of integrating effective arms control measures within broader
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration programmes for conflict-affected states.”
While the United Nations is making a substantial effort to curb the illegal firearms trade, true
progress depends upon full compliance with the Arms Trade Treaty by all ratifying countries:
any nation who fails to do their part in the fight against the illegal arms trade endangers the
global community. The importance of cooperation expands beyond international
organizations; regional and sub-regional organizations such as CARICOM: a regional
organization dedicated to combating the illegal firearms trade that Guyana is a part of. In
October of 2022, 19 Guyanese officials participated in the ISAAPC course organized by the
United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America
and the Caribbean. Our government is fully committed not only to curbing the illegal arms
trade within our borders: we are committed to international, regional, and subregional
cooperation in order to solve this issue beyond our borders.
Trishala Persaud, “Statement Delivered by Ambassador Trishala Persaud,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Cooperative Republic of Guyana, April 4, 2025, https://www.oldminfor.minfor.gov.gy/un-security-council/statement-delivered-ambassador- trishala-persaud-charge-daffaires-permanent-0. “Statement to Be Delivered by the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana at the General Debate of the Ninth Conference of States Parties to the Arms Trade Treaty,” The Arms Treaty, August 2023, https://thearmstradetreaty.org/hyper-images/file/Guyana - Statement General Debate/Guyana - Statement General Debate.pdf. Melissa.yi, “Guyana Trains Officials on Interdicting Small Arms and Ammunition to Prevent Illicit Trafficking,” UNLIREC, November 14, 2022, https://www.unlirec.org/en/guyana-trains- officials-on-interdicting-small-arms-and-ammunition-to-prevent-illicit-trafficking/. | |
| Country: | Hungary |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| We are strongly convinced that reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles
of responsible behaviors is possible through the Outer Space Treaty. We firmly believe that
all Member States are part of an international community. All these Member States should
be guided by a commitment to the principles of the Outer Space Treaty by supporting the
treaty and its universalization. We are deeply concerned about the potential threats,
weaponization, and the use of weapons for mass destruction in an internationally
unregulated zone. Recognizing a need for international awareness regarding the reduction
of space threats can be through the Outer Space Treaty: exploring space freely to benefit all
mankind, not be claimed by one State’s sovereignty, States taking responsibility for any
damage caused to space and celestial bodies, and shall remain weapon free and not used
for mass destruction in any part.
We also believe in the importance for all States to practically implement Transparency and Confidence Building Measures (TCBM) to promote safe and responsible behavior in outer space, reduce risks of conflict or misunderstandings from arising, and encourage international cooperation in space explorations and operations of satellites. These guidelines should be used for private civilian companies and to restrict space from becoming militarized. | |
| Country: | Hungary |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| We are strongly convinced that reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles
of responsible behaviors is possible through the Outer Space Treaty. We firmly believe that
all Member States are part of an international community. All these Member States should
be guided by a commitment to the principles of the Outer Space Treaty by supporting the
treaty and its universalization. We are deeply concerned about the potential threats,
weaponization, and the use of weapons for mass destruction in an internationally
unregulated zone. Recognizing a need for international awareness regarding the reduction
of space threats can be through the Outer Space Treaty: exploring space freely to benefit all
mankind, not be claimed by one State’s sovereignty, States taking responsibility for any
damage caused to space and celestial bodies, and shall remain weapon free and not used
for mass destruction in any part.
We also believe in the importance for all States to practically implement Transparency and Confidence Building Measures (TCBM) to promote safe and responsible behavior in outer space, reduce risks of conflict or misunderstandings from arising, and encourage international cooperation in space explorations and operations of satellites. These guidelines should be used for private civilian companies and to restrict space from becoming militarized. | |
| Country: | India |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Over the last 60 or so years, more and more states have moved to explore and research the
nature and makeup of outer space. Thus far, states and independent actors have only done this
in an effort to further develop mankind. The Republic of India would see to it that this remains
the same, and that no actors can use space travel to further their own interests or become
detrimental to mankind at large.
The Republic of India has a long history of holding this position. From as early as 1967, with the Outer Space Treaty, India has been in favor of using and exploring space for exclusively peaceful purposes, and outlawing the claiming of space by any state. Again in 1972, India signed the Liability Convention, stating that any given state is responsible for any damage caused by objects they launch into space, as well as compensation for damages. These are positions that the Republic of India intends to reinforce. With the advancement of technology, it is only to be expected that states and independent actors can launch more objects into orbit or onto other celestial bodies. As such, it is more important than ever to reevaluate old treaties signed and write new treaties to ensure that the behaviors of actors in the new age are in the interest of the world at large, as mankind begins to travel into the cosmos. Treaties to confirm that travel into space are to further peace, science, and technology, and prevent any further contamination of Earth's atmosphere with debris by monetarily punishing those who leave scrap in their wake. It is the responsibility of all states to make sure that space is utilized to its fullest potential in the interest of the world, not an individual state or independent actor. | |
| Country: | India |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of India has had many conflicts in years past, and with the border disputes of
neighboring states, it becomes more important than ever to track and manage the trade of small
arms and light weapons (SALW). While actions have been taken to prevent more specially made
weapons, this has opened the door for SALW to flood the streets, leading to hundreds of
needless deaths that could have been prevented.
The Republic of India has been a victim of the SALW trade for years, from fighting between ethnic and religious groups within its borders to the actions of other actors that have been funding and supporting terrorist organizations, and not securing their borders properly as the terrorist actors encroach on the Republic of India’s borders. The Republic of India would like to focus efforts on the tracking and registration of SALW, as well as modifications made to them, some of which would need to be outlawed, especially those that prevent or hinder the tracking of such weapons. The Republic of India would also like to draw attention to the manufacturing of SALW, which, up until now, has gone more or less unchecked in the place of those who would buy them. | |
| Country: | Indonesia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Indonesia emphasizes the peaceful, secure, and sustainable use of outer space as a shared domain vital to international stability and development. As a State Party to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, Indonesia reaffirms that outer space must remain free from conflict, militarization, and destructive competition. We strongly support the principles of transparency and confidence-building outlined in United Nations (UN) General Assembly (GA) resolutions 75/36 (2020) and 77/41 (2022), which promote responsible behavior in outer space. Indonesia calls upon all Member States to pre-notify hazardous maneuvers, avoid debris-generating anti-satellite tests, and adopt long-term sustainability standards for orbital operations. Through the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), Indonesia advocates the establishment of a voluntary international registry for space activities and the expansion of open-access data systems consistent with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030). At the regional level, Indonesia proposes developing an Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Code of Conduct on debris mitigation and space situational awareness (SSA). This initiative would promote transparency, joint research, and technical training programs among ASEAN Member States to enhance space governance and coordination. Indonesia encourages partnerships with established spacefaring nations and private sector actors to finance a multilateral trust fund supporting developing countries’ access to SSA infrastructure and satellite monitoring tools. Such cooperation ensures inclusive participation, fosters innovation, and reduces inequality in space capability. Indonesia believes that the protection of outer space is directly linked to global peace, economic security, and environmental resilience. We urge the UN to facilitate inclusive dialogues on preventing an arms race in outer space and to promote capacity- building for disaster prevention and communication networks. Indonesia stands ready to collaborate with all Member States to uphold transparency, responsibility, and equitable access to space under the UN Charter and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. | |
| Country: | Indonesia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Indonesia views the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW) as a persistent global threat undermining peace, stability, and sustainable development. As an archipelagic nation with vast maritime borders, Indonesia faces security risks from transnational trafficking networks that supply non-state actors, pirates, and terrorist groups. Indonesia reaffirms its commitment to the 2001 United Nations (UN) Programme of Action (PoA), the International Tracing Instrument (ITI), and the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), which collectively establish the global foundation for controlling SALW. We support General Assembly (GA) resolution 76/233 and Security Council resolution 2220 (2015), which emphasize responsible arms management and post-conflict disarmament. Indonesia calls upon all Member States to strengthen border security, improve national control systems, and enhance transparency through the UN Register of Conventional Arms. Indonesia continues to cooperate with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) through its Global Firearms Programme and the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) via the Illicit Arms Records and Tracing Management System (IARMS) to improve enforcement and intelligence-sharing. Regionally, Indonesia proposes an Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)–UN coordination mechanism to harmonize PoA reporting, develop standardized legal frameworks, and conduct annual maritime interdiction operations targeting illicit weapons routes. We also encourage the creation of a regional digital database to record confiscated firearms, track serial numbers, and strengthen evidence-based investigations. Indonesia further supports digital verification systems for end-user and post-shipment monitoring to prevent diversion to unauthorized users. We propose that the UN and ASEAN jointly host capacity-building workshops for customs officials and law enforcement agencies to enhance tracing and record-keeping. These measures would improve accountability, promote trust, and reinforce peacekeeping efforts. Addressing illicit SALW flows aligns with global counter-terrorism initiatives and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Indonesia stands ready to work with all partners to ensure transparency, security, and responsible arms governance worldwide. | |
| Country: | Iran, Islamic Republic of |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Islamic Republic of Iran views outer space as a shared domain that must remain
peaceful, cooperative, and free from domination. Since the dawn of the space age, technological
advancements have enabled remarkable scientific progress. However, the unchecked
proliferation of anti-satellite weaponry, space debris, and privatized military services poses grave
risks to global security. Iran believes the greatest challenge is the absence of binding legal
frameworks to regulate responsible behavior in space. Voluntary guidelines, while helpful, lack
enforceability and fail to deter powerful states and corporations from weaponizing space or
monopolizing its resources. This issue affects all nations both developing and developed alike.
That being said, this pressing issue demands collective action rooted in equity and international
law.
Iran has consistently supported the peaceful use of outer space and remains a signatory to the Outer Space Treaty. Our national space program focuses on telecommunications, remote sensing, and scientific research. Iran has voiced concern over the militarization of space, particularly the testing of kinetic anti-satellite weapons that generate hazardous debris. We also oppose the growing influence of private actors operating without oversight, which undermines transparency and accountability. Iran supports the PPWT (Proposed Prevention of Placement of Weapons in Outer Space Treaty) introduced by China and the Russian Federation as a foundation for future negotiations. In order to address these challenges, Iran proposes some of the following actions to be taken. 1. Initiate formal negotiations on a binding treaty to prevent the placement of weapons in outer space and prohibit hostile actions against space assets. 2. Transform the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities into binding international law through phased implementation. 3. Establish international oversight mechanisms for private actors engaged in space exploration and military services. 4. Launch a UN-led capacity-building initiative to support emerging space actors with legal training, satellite access, and infrastructure development. Iran stands ready to collaborate with Member States who share its vision of a peaceful, equitable, and sustainable outer space. Only through collective action and binding commitments can we safeguard the final frontier for future generations. | |
| Country: | Iran, Islamic Republic of |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALWs) remains a significant threat to international peace, security, and development. Iran fully supports the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat, and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), which serves as the foundational framework for international cooperation and development on this issue. The Iranian government has implemented national legislation and designation mechanisms among law enforcement, customs, and border agencies to fight and eradicate the trafficking of firearms, ammunition, and other weapons. Moreover, Iran has participated in bilateral and regional efforts with surrounding countries to control borders and stop the flow of illicit weapons that contribute to terrorism and organized crime in the Middle East.
Iran emphasizes that the success of the Programme of Action relies on the political will of all states, as well as equal access to technical and financial assistance. Developing nations face capacity challenges that can only be addressed through non-discriminatory technological collaboration and international cooperation. Iran strongly believes that the overproduction and irresponsible export of SALWs by major weapon-producing states are among the main causes of global weapons proliferation. Addressing the demand side of this trade requires not only strict export control and regulations but also collaborating to change the socioeconomic factors that allow black-market networks to succeed. While Iran remains committed to eradicating the illicit trade in SALWs, it highlights the inalienable right of every state to purchase and produce conventional weapons for legitimate self-defense, as previously stated in Article 51 of the UN Charter. Iran rejects any attempts to expand the UNPoA past its agreed mandate or to inflict politically motivated restrictions under the pretext of regulating the illicit arms trade. Instead, Iran calls for a balanced, transparent, and cooperative international tactic that respects national sovereignty and strengthens individual state security mechanisms. This ensures that all states, regardless of political ideologies, pressure, or sanctions, can effectively participate in the collective fight against the illicit trafficking of small arms and light weapons. | |
| Country: | Iraq |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The international community now faces a growing need to address the dangers posed by the misuse and weaponization of outer space. As outer space becomes increasingly accessible, the dangers of debris, conflict, and irresponsible behavior threaten the sustainability and safety of our shared domain. The Republic of Iraq recognizes that outer space is and must remain a peaceful and cooperative environment for all of mankind. As a signatory of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and an active supporter of the Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, the Republic of Iraq believes strongly in the development and use of outer space solely for educational, civilian, and scientific purposes. The Republic of Iraq aligns with the Non-Aligned Movement in that the prevention of an arms race in outer space should be emphasized and is essential in maintaining international peace and security. In the interest of cooperation and global stability, the Republic of Iraq supports the establishment of clear international norms and confidence building transparency among all spacefaring nations. The Republic of Iraq encourages discussion on the creation of binding frameworks to prevent deployment and use of weapons and other hostile activities in outer space. The Republic of Iraq also believes that developing nations should be granted fair access to space technology for peaceful use and sustainable growth. By fostering mutual trust, sharing data on space activities, and ensuring accountability, the Republic of Iraq remains committed to keeping space a peaceful, secure, and shared domain for all. | |
| Country: | Iraq |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Iraq is firmly committed to reducing the number of illicit small arms and light weapons, as demonstrated through our efforts both within and outside of the UN. The illegal transfer of these weapons has undermined peace efforts and disproportionally impacted those already affected by conflict in the region. In 2024, the Republic of Iraq created the weapon buyback program to offer financial incentives for Iraqi citizens to surrender any unlicensed firearms they possess, which aligns with goals of reducing the number of weapons that circulate illegally within Iraq. The Republic of Iraq prioritizes efforts such as these programs to defend against the use of illegal firearms by terrorist and criminal organizations operating within the region, particularly those who target unarmed Iraqi citizens. The Republic of Iraq collaborates with the Firearms Trafficking Section on implementing the United Nations Office of Drug Control’s updated strategy for curbing firearms trafficking and other related crimes. In response to the Western Asia region rising to have the world’s most pervasive arms market, the Republic of Iraq has continued to assist and support the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) in its efforts related to security and documenting crimes of terrorist organizations, particularly the Da’esh, also known as the “Islamic State”. Ultimately, the Republic of Iraq maintains it is imperative that UN member states cooperate on creating a system to combat the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons. | |
| Country: | Ireland |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The delegation of Ireland recognizes that maintaining the peaceful and sustainable use of
outer space is essential for international stability and global development. As more States
and private entities enter orbit, the risks of collision, debris generation, and the
weaponization of space continue to grow. Ireland believes that preventing an arms race in
outer space requires both transparency and the gradual strengthening of international
norms into binding commitments.
Ireland’s approach centers on two key priorities: (1) enhancing transparency and confidence-building measures (TCBMs); (2) developing a clear pathway to transform voluntary norms into enforceable law. First, transparency and confidence-building are very important for reducing mistrust and preventing escalation. Ireland supports the expansion of pre-launch notifications, the open registration of all space objects, and greater data sharing through global space situational awareness networks. These measures strengthen mutual understanding and accountability among Member States and private actors alike. Ireland encourages active participation in the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and related UN forums to ensure emerging technologies such as on-orbit servicing and dual- use systems are addressed cooperatively. Second, Ireland advocates for a phased approach to transform the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability (LTS) of Outer Space Activities from voluntary guidance into binding obligations. A practical first step is to turn select technical guidelines - on debris mitigation, registration, and information exchange - into regional agreements that can evolve into broader international frameworks. At the national level, Member States should integrate these norms into domestic licensing and oversight of private operators to ensure global consistency. Finally, Ireland emphasizes the role of United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER) and United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) in providing technical assistance and capacity-building, particularly for developing countries. Strengthening these programs will encourage universal compliance and promote equitable participation in space governance. The delegation of Ireland urges Member States to advance cooperation, transparency, and accountability to ensure outer space remains a peaceful and sustainable environment for all humankind. | |
| Country: | Ireland |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The trade of small arms and light weapons is extremely detrimental to the sustainable development and growth of countries. In developing countries, illicit weapons fuel armed conflict, revolution, and uprisings. The spread of these weapons also undermines education, infrastructure, and healthcare. This climate reduces foreign investment and increases poverty. This cycle of instability often involves child soldiers and gender-based violence. The United Nations has recognized the importance of tracing weaponry in the name of disarmament. Though tracing is much more difficult in developing states due to lack of resources, expertise personnel, and technology. These countries also cannot Ireland and the United Nations have advocated for stronger weapon tracing instruments and policies for all member states. The United Nations adopted the International Tracing Instrument (ITI) and the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects. The International Tracing Instrument created guidelines for marking and tracking these weapons with a serial number and country of origin. The Programme of Action has served as a basis for international cooperation. These programs encourage international cooperation of member states and promote higher weapon tracing standards and practices. In addition to this, the United Nations has also tackled more “demand-side” problems by preventing armed violence and prioritizing human security. Also, Ireland and the United Nations have implemented more region-specific programs to assist developing countries in the global fight against the illicit weapons trade. Wealthier nations must continue to provide technological and financial assistance to states that lack the resources necessary to implement tracing measures. International disarmament can only come to fruition through collective action. Therefore, curbing the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons is a necessity to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and achieve a prosperous world. | |
| Country: | Israel |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The State of Israel recognizes the growing urgency of reducing space threats through the development of norms, rules, and principles of responsible behavior. As space becomes increasingly active with 13 Member States currently spacefaring and 79 others developing such capabilities, the global community must act collectively to ensure the peaceful and sustainable use of outer space. Israel has long supported the framework of international space law, beginning with our endorsement of A/RES/2222/XXI, which established the OST. These principles became operational for Israel with the launch of our first satellite, Ofeq-1, in 1988. We further reinforced our commitment to safety and accountability, endorsing A/RES/2345/XXII and A/RES/2777/XXVI, which address astronaut assistance, the return of space objects, and absolute liability for space activities. Israel actively contributes to space-based humanitarian efforts through participation in UN-SPIDER, COPUOS, and a cooperation agreement with UNOOSA focused on satellite technology for disaster management and emergency response. More recently, Israel supported A/RES/78/20, establishing the OEWG, and participated in its sessions from 2022 to 2023. Our signing of the Artemis Accords in 2022 further reflects our commitment to peaceful, transparent, and cooperative space exploration. Domestically, Israel pursues a dual-use space strategy that advances both civilian innovation and strategic capabilities. The revised National Civilian Space Policy highlights the importance of building national data infrastructure, supporting space-focused startups, and fostering international partnerships to enhance civilian outcomes. Programs like the Shavit Launch Vehicle and Ofeq Satellite Series contribute to national security while driving technological progress. Through initiatives such as the TEVEL program, Israel invests in STEM education and development of a skilled space workforce. In parallel, efforts are underway to establish comprehensive space legislation to govern commercial activity, align with international obligations, and address licensing, liability, and environmental protection. While Israel recognizes the vast potential of space assets, we also acknowledge the risks posed by emerging technologies. We emphasize two areas of concern: dual-use space technologies and ASATs. Israel calls on the international community to establish clear guidelines to promoted responsible use, supports a voluntary moratorium on destructive ASAT tests that generate mass debris, and calls for transparency in the development and deployment of dual-use systems. These measures constitute a minimum standard for responsible behavior in outer space and are necessary to prevent conflict, foster transparency, and ensure long-term sustainability. | |
| Country: | Israel |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The state of Israel recognizes the damages that the trade of SALW inflicts on the
international
community. Currently 1 billion SALW circulate around the globe causing over 500,000 deaths
per
year. SALW trade actively destabilizes communities, fosters violence, intensifies current
conflicts,
and fuels arms races and security dilemmas. Additionally, illicit weapons trade further
diverts
resources in developing states away from sustainable development projects to national
security
operations. Israel endorses the work that the UN and its bodies have accomplished
regarding the
illicit trade of SALW. Israel is encouraged by the PoA in its efforts to reduce stockpiles,
tighten
border controls, increase information sharing, and enhance tracing mechanisms carried out
by the
ITI. Israel also supports the ideals of the ATT and recognizes the success of regional
frameworks
on the issue created by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the
Inter-American Convention Against Illicit Manufacturing & Trafficking of Firearms (CIFTA) as
they provide unified processes and to combat weapons trafficking groups. National security
issues,
and lack of funding and cooperation across borders, all contribute to rampant SAWL issues
today.
To combat national security concerns regarding non-state actors with illicit SAWL, Israel uses its technological advancement in the defense sector to monitor internally and complete border surveillance with drones and AI technology and plans to contribute expertise to international tracking systems. Additionally, Israel calls upon the committee to take decisive action to prevent non state actors’ access to SAWL whether acquired legally or illicitly. | |
| Country: | Italy |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Italy is fully committed to preventing an arms race in space. Italy underlines the urgency of establishing stronger norms, rules, and principles of responsible behavior in outer space. Italy emphasizes the importance of existing treaties and voluntary frameworks, such as the Outer Space Treaty and guidelines developed under the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), which offer concrete and operational means of reducing misperceptions and de-escalating tension. In addition, Italy values the work of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS), affirming it as a vital part in promoting global cooperation and developing necessary frameworks to ensure the safety, sustainability, and responsible use of outer space. Furthermore, Italy highlights the EU-led proposal for an International Code of Conduct (ICoC). The ICoC will take preventive measures to encourage international cooperation in outer space to ensure its safety, security, and sustainability. This will have immense benefits for all countries whether they are involved in space activities or not. Italy also believes that the implementation of ICoC can spark the initiation of long-term reinforced legal frameworks, laying the foundation for legally binding rules. To address outer space threats, Italy supports the implementation of Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures (TCBMs). These measures work alongside pre-existing frameworks and are a crucial step toward strengthening the security, safety, and sustainability of outer space. To deepen our commitment, Italy calls for an expansion of TCBMs as a main pillar of space security strategy. | |
| Country: | Italy |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Italian Republic believes that curbing the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons (SALW) is vital to long-term sustainability and world peace. Additionally, we consider the tracking of illicit SALW an essential prerequisite for finding ways to tackle the illegal flows of weapons to areas struggling with armed conflict or instability. Italy emphasizes the 2018 EU SALW Strategy and its double purpose of using European cooperation to curb the illicit trade of SALW and of promoting responsibility and accountability in regard to the legal arms trade. The Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) is balanced and based on negotiations where all members' views have been considered. The ATT has potential to contribute to international security by regulating international trade in conventional arms, making the system more transparent. This in turn can eradicate illicit arms trading. There is a need for more clarity and uniformity to the ATT. This is vital if we seek to combat illicit trafficking while also not harming commercial and legal trade that align with international obligations. Italy calls on all States to ratify the treaty and commends all states who have already done so. Moreover, Italy highlights Article 7(4) of the ATT and its stance on gender-based violence (GBV). However, there is a need for a stronger focus on the prevention of GBV. Italy urges other States to mainstream Article 7(4) into their Women, Peace, Security National Action Plans. Due to the cross-border nature of the SALW issue, Italy believes the only way forward is to provide capacity building to border guards and the police and increase regional cooperation. We continue to assist African countries with the training of border guards and while also providing technical assistance as part of the Mattei Project. Italy is committed and actively participating in the multilateral effort aimed at curbing the illicit trade of SALW. | |
| Country: | Jordan |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| As the spacefaring members of the UN (and by extension, the world) explores the possibility of an arms race in a new frontier, which is by definition shared and international, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan calls upon all members of the United Nations to reaffirm both the past resolutions adopted by the United Nations General Assembly for the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, and to preserve the integrity of a prospect that has always been more academic than Militarized (and more of a boon to the public than a threat). The Kingdom believes that Space is best a universal resource for the developed world, and that unchecked developments of weapons for use in such a place serves to threaten international peace and utility. Following this, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan strongly urges the esteemed members of the United Nations to produce agreements towards moderation, to preserve the physical and good-faith integrity of shared satellite infrastructure, and to consider the adoption of measures included in the latest report by the Group of Governmental Experts on Further Practical Measures for the prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (as per UN General Assembly Resolution 77/250). | |
| Country: | Jordan |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| For both the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and our esteemed allies and neighbors, the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons is an unfortunately relevant threat. Our national security, the stability of our innocent civilians, and the sovereignty of our region and our borders are undermined daily by the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons that become tools of our adversaries every day. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, recognizing the detrimental effects of the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons on international peace and stability, expresses strong support of the past UN Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons and calls upon the respected members of this assembly to support further efforts in the restriction of illicitly traded small and light weapons in all aspects. Mutually, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan recognizes that the illicit trade of such tools catalyzes violence not only towards their intended destinations, but upon every path they take to get there- And that to reduce such accessibility would in turn directly hedge this detestable violence. | |
| Country: | Kenya |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Although known as the final frontier, that should not delay the urgency with which we act to
address the threats that could come from space. Kenya has been a pioneer and champion of
space exploration in the African continent and understands the stakes for maintaining outer
space as a peaceful, sustainable, and secure domain. The Republic of Kenya recognizes the
increasing militarization of outer space and the proliferation of activities that generate
debris, which threatens not only the safety of satellites but also the development of nations
that depend on them for communication, agricultural, disaster management, and defense.
As a party to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and guided by the principles of the United Nations Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), Kenya, as a developing space actor, prioritizes equitable access to space resources and emphasizes the need for transparency, cooperation, and responsible conduct by all states. Through the Kenya Space Agency (KSA) and the African Union Space Policy, Kenya continues to advance regional partnerships and promote responsible space activity as part of Africa’s growing role in global space governance. Kenya supports the creation of binding international norms to prevent debris-generating anti-satellite tests and encourages the further development of confidence-building measures to address this vital issue. Kenya also proposes the creation of a database where nations can voluntarily share information on space operations and mitigation efforts. To build capacity collaboratively, Kenya advocates for the development of an International Space Education and Training Exchange Program to connect emerging space nations with established agencies for technical training, research exchanges, and policy collaboration. These steps, rooted in cooperation and accountability, can make outer space a shared and secure environment for generations to come. | |
| Country: | Kenya |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| As a country with a major percentage of civilians owning illegal firearms, the Republic of
Kenya recognizes the importance of eradicating the illicit trade of small arms and light
weapons. The growing availability of illegally traded and owned firearms—particularly pistols
and other small arms—poses a threat to local, regional, and international security.
Recognizing the prevalence of this issue and in hopes of combating it, Kenya has taken several actions towards preventing the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons. For example, Kenya is a signatory to the Nairobi protocol for the prevention, control, and reduction of small arms and light weapons in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa. This treaty is targeted at eradicating illicit manufacturing and trade of weapons by promoting cooperation, increasing information sharing, and improving law enforcement accountability and efficient management of legally owned firearms. Furthermore, Kenya is a founding member and host of the Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons (RECSA). This organization aids with the implementation of the Nairobi protocol, offers weapons management training, and assists with the destruction of seized firearms. Kenya calls upon all UN member states to strengthen collective efforts to combat this international issue. Foremost, Kenya calls on all states to sign the UN Firearms Protocol to ensure international standards that boost the security of manufacturing and distributing firearms, as well as improving the effectiveness of discovering and seizing illicit firearms. Furthermore, Kenya urges full compliance with the International Tracing Instrument to improve global capacity for tracing and record keeping. Finally, Kenya recommends the establishment of regional coordination bodies like RECSA that would enhance cooperation, training, and information sharing among neighboring states. Combating the illicit trade of firearms requires not only strong national commitment but also improved multilateral collaboration. | |
| Country: | Liberia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| According to The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) Online Index of Objects Launched into Outer Space, 88% has been reported to the Secretary General. 12% of objects remain unreported. The Republic of Liberia urges private actors be held to the same standards as Member States. Weaponization of space and satellites, Such as satellites with electromagnetic pulse devices and cyber warfare capabilities. These harm civil society by jeopardizing services rendered by satellites. In Africa, where space infrastructure is still developing, stability in outer space is a concern as many African states depend on satellites for communication, education, navigation and internet access. The African Space Agency (AfSA) seeks to harness space for climate resilience, economic growth and to bridge the digital divide. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Members are working towards regional resilience and strengthening space programmes. Such as The Liberia Satellite Project (L-SAT) aimed at the similar goals of ECOWAS. Liberia urges cooperation amongst AfSA and ECOWAS Member States in hosting meetings on the effectiveness of the Committee on Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS) to address concerns of space threats regarding weaponization. Holding private actors accountable and encouraging member states to work with ECOWAS on Cyber Security to protect services rendered to civil society. | |
| Country: | Liberia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) strengthens global cooperation through the Programme of Action (PoA) and Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), both crucial for border control and arms tracking. With over 500 million small arms circulating globally, Liberia sees collaboration with UNODA as vital to reducing illegal weapons in West Africa through data sharing, training, and technical support. Liberia urges Member States to strengthen regional cooperation through the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and hold review meetings twice a year to improve coordination. Regular updates are also essential only 65% of Member States have submitted PoA reports (UNODA, 2024). Stronger reporting builds transparency and trust among nations. Weak border control continues to enable cross-border trafficking. To address this, Liberia supports joint border patrols, intelligence sharing, and customs training through ECOWAS and UN programs to improve security (ATT, UNODA) and cooperation. Domestically, Liberia prioritizes reducing gender-based violence and youth crime linked to small arms. Many weapons from past conflicts are used against women and children. Liberia plans to expand community disarmament, women’s peacekeeping training, and gender-based data collection to reduce violence and advance SDGs 5 and 16. | |
| Country: | Libya |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Libya recognizes that outer space has become one of the most important and contested areas in modern international relations. The growing number of satellites, private companies, and new technologies shows how much humanity depends on space for communication, trade, and navigation. However, this progress also brings risks. The use of anti-satellite weapons, the spread of space debris, and the absence of clear rules for responsible behavior increase the possibility of misunderstanding and conflict. For Libya, it is essential that outer space remains a peaceful and cooperative domain rather than a new battlefield. The Libyan government supports the principles of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which states that space shall be used for the benefit of all countries. Libya also values the work of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), which promotes cooperation and safety in space activities. Libya’s position is based on disarmament, equality among nations, and the peaceful use of technology. As a developing country rebuilding from years of conflict, Libya values stability and cooperation. While it does not yet have a large space program, Libya recognizes that access to space services can improve communication, education, and disaster management. Libya supports international norms that ban weapons testing and debris-producing activities and promotes transparency through information sharing and prior notifications of satellite launches. To reduce space threats, Libya supports creating an International Code of Conduct on Outer Space Activities under the United Nations, investment in debris prevention technologies, and education programs through UNOOSA. Libya stands ready to work with all Member States to ensure that space remains a peaceful and sustainable domain for future generations. | |
| Country: | Libya |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Libya recognizes that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW) is one of the most serious threats to international peace, security, and sustainable development. Millions of illegal weapons circulate globally, fueling conflicts, terrorism, organized crime, and human suffering. For Libya, this issue is urgent and personal. Since 2011, the uncontrolled spread of weapons within and across Libyan borders has fueled violence, empowered armed groups, and weakened national institutions. Libya believes that controlling the flow of illicit weapons is essential for its own security and for the stability of North Africa and the Sahel. The country strongly supports the United Nations Programme of Action (PoA) and the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), which provide frameworks for responsible arms transfers and international cooperation. Libya also welcomes regional initiatives of the African Union and the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) that aim to improve arms control and promote peace across Africa. Libya’s position is shaped by its experience as both a country affected by conflict and a transit point for arms trafficking. The fall of the previous regime left behind large stockpiles of weapons, many of which were looted and trafficked to neighboring countries. Libya supports stronger coordination among border control agencies, intelligence- sharing mechanisms, and joint regional patrols. It calls for international technical assistance, training, and resources to strengthen disarmament and arms management. The delegation also stresses the importance of voluntary weapons collection, reintegration programs for former combatants, and transparency in arms transfers. To reduce illicit trade, Libya supports the full implementation of the PoA and ATT, stronger regional coordination in the Sahel, and international support for disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programs. Libya urges all Member States to adopt responsible export policies and strengthen cooperation to end the illicit arms trade and ensure global security. | |
| Country: | Lithuania |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Since regaining independence in 1990, Lithuania has witnessed how technological advances can both unite and divide the international community. As a nation bordering Russia's heavily militarized Kaliningrad exclave, Lithuania understands that outer space represents humanity's next frontier for either cooperation or conflict. The recent October 2024 Russian military aircraft violations of Lithuanian airspace remind the delegation that transparent norms are essential for preventing escalation in all domains, including space. Space must not become the next battlefield. Lithuania strongly supports developing legally binding instruments to prevent an arms race in outer space. Unfortunately, some states continue developing anti satellite weapons and dual use technologies that could weaponize space, undermining collective security. Lithuania recognizes that space militarization would threaten not just international peace but the global economy, which depends on space infrastructure for communications, navigation, and disaster response. Lithuania advocates for establishing clear norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviour in outer space activities. Building on the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, Lithuania calls for new agreements addressing anti satellite weapons testing, kinetic and non kinetic threats to space assets, and space debris that threatens all nations' access to space. Lithuania would support the UN in developing a comprehensive Space Security Treaty including verification measures, advance notification requirements for launches and maneuvers, and prohibition on destructive anti- satellite weapons tests. Because Lithuania developed significant expertise through its Cyber Command established in 2024 and leadership of the EU's Cyber Rapid Response Teams project, the delegation recognizes parallels between cyber and space threats. Lithuania proposes establishing a UN Space Security Monitoring Center that could track potentially threatening space activities, provide early warning, and coordinate international responses. Lithuania stands ready to share its experience building multilateral security cooperation frameworks. Lithuania believes space security and sustainable development are inseparable. Massive expenditures for space weapons divert funding from addressing poverty, disease, and climate change. Lithuania would support UN initiatives encouraging states to redirect space militarization budgets toward peaceful exploration and Earth observation programs benefiting humanity. | |
| Country: | Lithuania |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Lithuania understands firsthand the devastating consequences of uncontrolled weapons proliferation. Following independence, Lithuania faced securing vast Soviet-era weapons and preventing their diversion to illicit markets. The nation's experience transitioning to a stable democracy taught Lithuania that effective small arms control requires comprehensive approaches addressing supply, demand, and socio-economic conditions fueling armed violence. Lithuania strongly agrees with the Secretary-General that preventing armed conflict is paramount. Unfortunately, small arms in circulation globally continue growing, killing more people annually than weapons of mass destruction. Easy availability of small arms fuels conflicts, enables terrorism and organized crime, undermines state authority, and destroys development prospects. No state can address this challenge alone. Lithuania strongly promotes universal adherence to the Arms Trade Treaty and rigorous implementation of its provisions. Lithuania supports expanding the UN Register of Conventional Arms to include detailed small arms reporting. Unfortunately, many states lack capacity to effectively track, mark, and trace small arms, creating diversion opportunities. Lithuania would support the UN developing technical assistance programs to help states strengthen control systems, including training for customs officials, police, and border guards. Lithuania advocates addressing the disarmament-development relationship. The Suwalki Gap between Lithuania and Poland requires substantial defense resources, yet Lithuania recognizes excessive arms expenditures drain social programs. Lithuania proposes establishing a "Weapons for Development" program, modeled on Albania's success, where states exchange collected illicit weapons for UN development assistance for infrastructure, education, or healthcare. Because illicit small arms trade follows organized crime routes, Lithuania supports creating integrated border security programs addressing multiple trafficking forms simultaneously. Lithuania's Schengen border experience shows effective control requires international cooperation and information sharing. Lithuania proposes regional small arms tracking systems allowing states to share information on suspicious transfers and coordinate interdiction. Furthermore, addressing demand is as important as controlling supply. Small arms proliferation thrives in environments of insecurity, poverty, and weak governance. Lithuania would support UN programs helping states provide alternative livelihoods for those in arms trafficking, strengthen rule of law, and address underlying grievances fueling violence. Lithuania stands ready to share its post-conflict reconstruction and security sector reform experience with states facing similar challenges. | |
| Country: | Luxembourg |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The delegate of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg acknowledges that the use of space
infrastructure and outer space must be sustainably managed for global security and
development. The UN General Assembly resolutions of the 79th session in 2024 declares the
importance of all state’s legal duty to “conduct their activities in the exploration and use of
outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, in conformity with international
law” Luxembourg aligns itself with the international law, including the Charter of the UN and
the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, in compliance of the rules of peaceful use of space toward
maintaining security and sustainable development. The General Assembly in the 79th
session emphasized the long-term goal for states cooperation to “give further consideration
to” to internalize restraint and responsibility, as shared principles, transform voluntary
norms into enforceable standards (“possible solutions… can involve a combination of legally
binding obligations and political commitments… pursued in a progressive, sustained and
complementary manner”) adherence to transparency, verification, and the prevention of
“intentional damage to and destruction of space systems, threats to the safe operations of
space objects… and protecting critical space-based services to civilians.”
However, Luxembourg advocates that political and legal regulation must not stifle innovation, ensure “that all equal and fair access to the resources of space, without discrimination”, and adapts to meet new technological requirements (2022), as affirmed by the UN General Assembly in the A/RES/79/22. | |
| Country: | Luxembourg |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The delegate of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg acknowledges the European Union
legislation (2022), the illicit proliferation and misuse of small arms: revolvers, self-loading
pistols, rifles and carbines, submachine guns, assault rifles and light machine guns, and
light weapons: heavy machine guns, portable anti-aircraft guns, mortars, ammunition,
shells, hand grenades, landmines, and explosives are recognised to pose an imminent
threat to diplomacy, peace, and security to EU member states. The Grand Duchy of
Luxembourg’s Directorate of Political Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister, Xavier Bettel,
acknowledged the risk of how the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons undermines
peace by enabling organised crime and violence to violate human rights and disrupt
multilateral diplomacy. Such actions directly contradict Luxembourg’s foreign policy and
its international obligations under the UN Programme of Action. Consequently,
Luxembourg upholds the disarmament and non-proliferation of such weapons as one of
its priorities.
Luxembourg aligns with the EU’s promotion of international cooperation and sustainable development through responsible governance. Luxembourg supports gender-inclusive standards, coordination of global collaborative advocacy and information sharing in regional and virtual meetings, and is committed to implementing consistent disarmament policies across regions that serve collective peace and security in Europe. (2022). The EU has a consistent record of supporting the UN’s disarmament efforts. In 2001, the UN Programme of Action was established to prevent and combat the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons. In 2005, the UN’s implementation of the International Tracing Instrument to trace illicit trafficking and ammunition was supported by the European Council, including Luxembourg, in fulfillment of the UN Programme of Action. More recently, in October 2022, UNODA’s project was funded with 4.5 million euros by the EU, including Luxembourg’s contribution, aimed to enhance security at regional, national and global levels through disarmament control (2022). There is an evident upward trend in organised crime and violence in Europe, reflected by its Organized Crime Index (2021-2023) gathered by UNIDIR. Between 2021 and 2023, there is a 0.49 increase in overall organised crime in Luxembourg, with criminal markets rising by 0.55, and criminal actors rising by 0.43, which means there are opportunities for illicit networks. Although Luxembourg participates in the international arms trade, it is not the producer of such weapons. Instead, Beretta USA manufactures in Luxembourg, but the company must adhere to Luxembourg’s strict regulations, transparency standards, and international compliance obligations regarding production and transfers of weapons (2023). The UNODC Global Study on Firearms (2020) reported Luxembourg among the countries that had trafficked firearms seized. It is an implicit possibility that illicit firearms circulate within national borders before it is eventually trafficked abroad. Luxembourg's support in 2005 on the use of the International Tracing Instrument reinforces UNODC’s 2020 recommendations on tracing, data-sharing, cooperation across borders, and is evident in its willingness to exchange seizure information with manufacturing and transit states to identify points of possible leakages. | |
| Country: | Madagascar |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Madagascar complies with the framework set by the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) in its mission for access to space for all. Madagascar aligns itself strongly with the Outer Space Treaty on international cooperation on all levels of peaceful exploration and use of outer space. We believe that any threats to an outer space arms race should be prevented. Outer space should be used as a place of potential rather than a domain of war. The Pact for the Future ensures that space is a safe space and sustainable environment. It is our responsibility as an international community to keep that norm. Space gives member states the opportunity to expand their countries' security, technology, and sciences. Madagascar shares in the interest of the African Union and commemorates the efforts made with the African Space Policy. The policy aims to promote technologies in space as a way of sustainable development that can be integrated in the African economy. Not every nation has the resources, education, or access to capacities in disaster and agricultural management. The African Space Policy is making moves for application developments in space. Madagascar, alongside our fellow delegation of the Russian Federation, have signed a statement on the non-placement of weapons in space (NPWS). We believe it necessary that all parties of the UN focus on international treaties that ban the placement of weapons in space. As a developing nation, we see space as a tool to face real threats on the ground. Climate change has ravaged our country, however, with the aid of satellite imagery and Earth observations we can protect our biodiversity. Climate observation is essential to the survival of all peoples. We must all follow the precedence set by the UNOOSA in addressing space norms, seeing outer space as a body of peace and development. | |
| Country: | Madagascar |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Madagascar supports global efforts to stop the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons.
The country works to reduce the spread of illegal weapons and works closely with the United
Nations to strengthen control measures. Through our collaboration with the UN Office for
Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), Madagascar has taken part in initiatives aimed at
strengthening national control systems and reducing the spread of illegal arms. These
programs include raising public awareness, improving weapon stockpile management, and
safely destroying excess or confiscated arms. We understand how harmful these illicit
activities can be against economic growth, development, and public safety and actively work
to prevent this violence our public sphere. These efforts reflect the government’s goal of
preventing armed violence and promoting peace within its borders.
Recently, Madagascar has also worked to enhance domestic laws and enforcement
mechanisms to prevent the circulation of illegal weapons. We have participated in training
programs and national workshops coordinated by the United Nations Regional Center for
Peace and Disarmament in Africa (UNREC) to better implement the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)
and ensure that weapons transfers are properly monitored. These workshops have helped
train national officials and aims to prevent weapons from being diverted to unauthorized
users. Although Madagascar faces challenges such as limited resources and weaker
enforcement mechanisms, we continue to demonstrate a commitment to transparency,
responsible arms management, and international cooperation. Overall, Madagascar's stance
emphasizes the importance of preventing the illicit arms trade as part of its broader pursuit
of stability and sustainable development.
For the future, Madagascar can continue to build on its progress by investing in stronger data collection on arms flows, expanding cooperation with neighboring countries, and improving border monitoring technologies. In collaborating with UNODA and the UN Development Program, we can help be a leader in regional information sharing networks to improve tracing of illegal weapons. | |
| Country: | Malaysia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Malaysia recognizes that space, once a sci fi dream, is at an increasing risk of becoming a new arena of conflict. The weaponization of the area itself and anti-satellite weapons testing is a serious threat to all national security and sustainability globally. Malaysia believes that the United Nations along with the international community must work together to prevent the misuse of space. We support transparency, information sharing, and respect all the principles of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Furthermore, we call for a stronger international regulation on military actions in outer space and to ensure that maximum restraint is used during any test or deployment of space technologies that could possibly result in the harm of another nation. In this regard, Malaysia supports the development of universally recognized rules of responsible behavior. These should include the prohibition of any destructive anti-satellite tests, an advanced warning of any potentially hazardous activity, and responsible debris mitigation practices. Malaysia stresses that assistance must be provided to any smaller or developing nations through building and technology sharing so that they are able to gain equal benefit to space security. Furthermore, Malaysia believes that larger nations who may have already fared space, should have a responsibility to lead by example. Ensuring that their actions do not create threats to the space environment. This is essential to build trust and prevent escalations. | |
| Country: | Malaysia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW) remains a central driver of global
insecurity. These weapons, easily portable and widely available, perpetuate armed conflict,
organized crime, and terrorism. Despite the existence of frameworks like the UN
Programme of Action (PoA) and the International Tracing Instrument (ITI), illicit trafficking
persists due to porous borders, insufficient national controls, and the growing role of non-
state actors.
Emerging technologies such as 3D printing have introduced new challenges in recent years. The ability to manufacture unregistered firearms using commercially available printers has added a digital layer to an already complex problem. While not yet widespread, this development underscores the need to modernize international approaches to arms control. Malaysia views the illicit trade in SALW as a direct threat to international peace, domestic security, and sustainable development. Malaysia supports the full and effective implementation of the UN PoA and ITI, emphasizing stronger national legislation, improved tracing mechanisms, and enhanced information-sharing. Malaysia also recognizes that as technology evolves, so must the norms that govern security. To this end, Malaysia encourages responsible innovation by engaging private sector partners, including 3D printer manufacturers, to prevent the unlicensed creation of weapon components. Also, developing best practices to track digital transfers of weapon design files, treating them as controlled items where appropriate is advised. Partnering with the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific (UNRCPD) will strengthen law enforcement's technical and forensic capabilities. Support for developing states efforts to improve border management systems and national arms registries through targeted training and funding is recommended. Malaysia also advocates for a centralized UN database on illicit arms seizures, trafficking routes, and new manufacturing methods. Malaysia believes that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons demands a 21st- century approach to a 20th-century problem. While traditional trafficking routes still dominate, new technologies like 3D printing could expand the scope of the threat if left unchecked. By reinforcing existing international frameworks, promoting responsible innovation, and fostering multilateral cooperation, the global community can reduce the spread of illicit armsand ensure that technological progress strengthens collective security. | |
| Country: | Malta |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Malta reaffirms our commitment to reducing space-based threats. We have taken actions to cosponsor the draft resolution being considered by the UN, called (A/C.1/78/L.15 / revised as A/RES/78/20) “Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours.” Malta will ensure that the resolution explicitly addresses threats like debris to protect peaceful services that depend on space. We emphasize cooperation and collective action between countries with the goal of making outer space more safe. This also means prohibiting the usage of any autonomous weapons. Furthermore, Malta has been taking strong action to limit the proliferation of space-based autonomous weapons. Malta voted in favor of Draft Resolution L.77 restricting lethal autonomous weapons systems (technological weapons, AI, machines, and military robots). We stand by the belief that weapons are to be used by humans and not AI or robots. As technology continues to advance, Malta will continue to advocate for this belief. | |
| Country: | Malta |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Malta reaffirms our commitment to international peace and security, specifically with regard to the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects. The illicit trade and misuse of SALW is a clear and direct threat to international peace and security, and we have seen how these weapons fuel conflict and gender-based violence. We also emphasize the importance of the UN Programme of Action (PoA), along with the International Tracing Instrument (ITI). These are both essential tools for cooperation between states and effective transparency. We support the use of global tracing systems and data sharing to prevent illicit weapon transfers and to continue to keep our nations safe. We would like to restate what we have emphasized in the past, namely, that the illicit trade and the misuse of small arms and light weapons has a direct impact on the fight against terrorism, the protection of human rights, and humanitarian access. We believe that owning SALW comes with significant responsibility and must be regulated. By the collaboration of nations, we can further advance collective security and save lives while reducing the human cost of illicit small arms and light weapons. | |
| Country: | Mexico |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Mexico emphasizes the importance of ensuring that outer space remains a nonviolent place used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Since the creation of the Mexican Space Agency (AEM) in 2010, Mexico has been devoted to using science and space technology to meet the needs of the Mexican people. Mexico insists that using space for military operations or weapons systems must be prohibited. However, Mexico acknowledges the need for the sustainable development and implementation of norms, rules, and principles of responsible behavior in outer space. At the same time, Mexico acknowledges that the creation and implementation of such norms and principles cannot substitute for a legally binding treaty for the prohibition of the weaponization of outer space and other binding arms control measures. These norms and principles must be inclusive, incorporating voices from leaders in states that lead in space technology, to those who have not yet created a space agency. These discussions must include voices from both the dominating states and the developing states without large space capability so that participation is equal and they can have their concerns taken into account. Mexico is a participant of the recent Artemis Accords, alongside 43 other countries who helped design a set of principles that are meant to guide modern civil space exploration in the 21st century, and plans to continue to uphold the principles set forth. Mexico is a participant of the European Space Agency (ESA) Cooperation Agreement, and looks forward to partnering with members of the European Union in future endeavors. By promoting a disciplined approach to space threats, Mexico aims to enhance its space technology and use while simultaneously fostering an environment that mitigates conflict and supports peace initiatives across the globe. | |
| Country: | Mexico |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Mexico considers the prevention of the illicit trade in and trafficking in small arms and light weapons to be a priority of its foreign policy and national security agenda. Mexico strongly supports the global framework established by the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat, and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (PoA). Mexico is also a strong supporter of the International Tracing Instrument, which allows states to identify and trace, in a timely manner, illicit small arms and light weapons. Mexico sees the ITI as a key tool for cooperation, marking, tracing, controlling exports, stockpile management, and transparency both domestically and internationally. Mexico emphasizes the problem is multidimensional and multifaceted. Not only the illicit trade and transfer of weapons, but the entire life cycle of small arms and light weapons. Issues also lie in the manufacturing, transferring, re-exporting, marking and tracing, and the end-use controls. Mexico highlights the need for international cooperation, assistance in the form of technical, financial and capacity-building, and information sharing. These will strengthen knowledge and control of stockpile management, marking/tracing, risk‐assessment (while maintaining an emphasis on human rights) will lead to stronger cross‐border controls .Mexico underscores the responsibility of manufacturers and distributors to ensure their arms do not end up in illicit channels or in the hands of non‐state actors. The trade of small arms and light weapons undermines peace, security, and the development of human rights. | |
| Country: | Monaco |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The expansion of space activity in recent decades has generated unprecedented
opportunities for scientific advancement and global cooperation. However, it has also
introduced new challenges that threaten international peace and security. The growing
risks of satellite collisions, debris accumulation, and potential militarization stress their
urgency for comprehensive norms and principles to ensure responsible behavior in outer
space. The Principality of Monaco recognizes that space must remain a domain of peace,
governed by international law and guided by the collective responsibility of all nations.
As a small, peaceful, and diplomatically engaged state, Monaco has consistently supported multilateral initiatives aimed at maintaining the peaceful use of outer space. While the Principality does not possess a national space program, it actively endorses the goals and principles of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and supports the work of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). Monaco emphasizes the importance of transparency, cooperation, and adherence to international law as essential measures to reduce tensions and promote trust among Member States. The Principality aligns itself with efforts to develop confidence-building mechanisms that prevent the weaponization of space and protect its use for scientific and humanitarian purposes. Monaco urges the international community to strengthen cooperative frameworks that ensure space remains accessible and secure for all. The Principality recommends the establishment of clearer international guidelines for debris mitigation and satellite operations, greater transparency through information-sharing and data exchange, and the reinforcement of UNOOSA’s role in coordinating global governance of space activities. Monaco supports capacity-building initiatives that allow all nations, regardless of technological capability, to participate safely and equitably in space research and communication. Monaco remains steadfast in its belief that collective action and respect for international law are the most effective means of preserving outer space for peaceful purposes. Through diplomacy, cooperation, and shared commitment, the international community can safeguard space as a realm of opportunity and security for present and future generations. | |
| Country: | Monaco |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Principality of Monaco believes that the ongoing issue of international concern
surrounding the illicit small arms trade and the security concerns therein is one of grave
significance to all member states, and that it is one that warrants a great amount of care
and caution while approaching. To ensure the safety and security of member states,
Monaco supports and advocates for UN Mechanisms such as PoA (the UN Programme of
Action) to mark, record, and track weapons, to ensure they do not fall into the hands of
criminal or terrorist organizations - as well as to investigate, maintain transparency, share
information, and help build confidence among member states, ideally preventing the
further spread of the illicit small arms trade among vulnerable member states especially
and the global community in particular.
Pursuant to The Principality of Monaco’s continued commitment to humanitarian diplomacy, Monaco also strongly urges member states to exercise responsibility, conscientiousness, and accountability when it comes to the protection and accommodation of vulnerable civilian populations—as well as the general principle of the long-term strengthening of border controls/assistance and secure, sustainable development—particularly within conflict zones and developing areas. Monaco believes in the collective responsibility of member states to the investigation and mitigation of the international illicit arms trade and implores all member states with the capacity for such oversight to be mindful of the potential threats that these weapons might pose for both their own population and for the populations of their fellow member states. The Principality of Monaco is a small state and does not possess a true military of its own, and as such whole-heartedly supports the use of international legal and diplomatic institutions—as well as UN-led frameworks, security initiatives, and codes of conduct as productive supplementary actions to aid in individual/unilateral military and law enforcement operations conducted by member states to curtail the dealing of illicit arms. Monaco believes in and advocates for the current frameworks in place to ensure international peace and cooperation in the apprehension and prosecution of these illegal arms dealers. Monaco also implores NGOs and fellow member states to support UN involvement in these operations through existing international frameworks, endorses any good-faith attempts to coordinate technical and financial support for these initiatives, and cautions against potentially divisive or even counterproductive new treaties and negotiations that might hinder the ability of the UN and its member states to bring justice to these criminals and bring safety to the vulnerable people suffering at their hands. | |
| Country: | Morocco |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Kingdom of Morocco has dedicated itself to the goal of maintaining global peace through means of collective prevention and removal of threats since 1956. However, as the world has changed and so has the potential options to threaten global peace; The United Nations (UN) has already made headway in limiting the creation of spacefaring weapons and the Kingdom of Morocco is ready and willing to take a leading role in furthering collective means of maintaining the safety of space exploration for all nations. As highlighted by resolution A/RES/76/231 the right to safe space exploration is guaranteed to all nations and must be maintained at all costs; to achieve this goal the Kingdom of Morocco has been a very active participant of the Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) on reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours. This group seeks to prevent miscommunications that spark conflict and have the potential to start a space arms race; to this end the Kingdom of Morocco has worked with the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) to provide guidance on the mitigation of space debris that has the potential to disrupt space flight, and cause catastrophic miscommunication. The Kingdom of Morocco also calls for deeper international and regional cooperation to ensure all nations, especially developing countries, benefit from space technologies through the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS). The Kingdom of Morocco has also taken a leading role in regional space affairs, launching several satellites that publicly provide Earth Observation data for monitoring borders and managing natural disasters. The Kingdom of Morocco also hosts the African Regional Center for Space Science and Technology Education in French (CRASTE-LF) which offers education and capacity building opportunities for French speaking African nations. The Kingdom of Morocco also works closely with the African Space Agency seeking to further integrate the continent's space flight abilities. Going forward the Kingdom of Morocco wishes to protect the rights of developing countries' access to space exploration and to establish international efforts to mitigate space garbage and prevent miscommunication in outer space. The Kingdom of Morocco believes that in taking these steps the world can avoid a devastating arms race in outer space and all of humanity, no matter the nation, can safely explore the final frontier. | |
| Country: | Morocco |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| According to the United Nations Refugees Agency (UNHCR) over 921,000 people are seeking asylum from the ongoing crisis of the Sahel region, up to 2.9 million people displaced, 62% of these displaced peoples are still within their home nations. The Kingdom of Morocco is deeply disturbed by these numbers and has done and will continue to do everything in its power to stem the tide of devastation ravaging the region. The best way of halting this devastation is preventing the means of devastation from ever reaching the Sahel in the first place. The Kingdom of Morocco has faithfully abided by and aided the Programme of Action (PoA) to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects since its creation in 2001. The Kingdom of Morocco will continue to strongly support international efforts through regional systems to combat the growing issue of the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons (SALWs). In this the Kingdom of Morocco strongly suggests that the international body reaffirms and strengthens its commitment to Sustainable Development Goal 16.4 by creating additional indicators for asserting its progress that are inline with PoA implementation. The Kingdom of Morocco also suggests that this body support the SALWs Fellowship Program approved by United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution A/77/71, and affirm the necessity of countries' commitment to providing and supporting the necessary financial allocations - through voluntary contributions and/or UN budget discussions - to ensure the program's regular holding, and enhancing the capabilities of developing countries as desired. The Kingdom of Morocco also will continue to host training simulations within the borders of Morocco and wishes to establish more innovative methods in utilizing regional instruments, mechanisms and targets to support the implementation of the PoA and the International Tracing Instrument (ITI) by exchanging regional and sub-regional frameworks. In taking these actions it is the hope of the Kingdom of Morocco that the international community can finally make strong and continuous progress in the goal of eliminating the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons. | |
| Country: | Mozambique |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Since the 1950s, the United Nations has been working to combat threats posed by the
exploration of space. As this is an ever-evolving topic as space exploration and technology
continue to develop, international law must as well. Some legal framework already exists.
The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of
Outer Space including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies of 1967 set standards for
international cooperation as space technology began to develop – the placement of any
kind of nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction is prohibited, and
exploration and use of outer space must be carried out in the interest of all states.
The Republic of Mozambique strongly supports all efforts to reduce space threats through norms and principles of behavior. As a participant of the OEWG, Mozambique is heavily involved in discussions related to this topic. In 2022, Mozambique voted in favor of a UN resolution that focuses on the prevention of conflict in outer space. Though Mozambique does not have a dedicated space program, they are involved in several space initiatives. In May 2025 several satellites were tested as part of the “Internet for All by 2030” program. The program aims to bring internet access to rural areas and overcome the financial barriers that might otherwise slow network expansion in these regions. Network infrastructure not only brings connectivity to regions, but also opens up access to education, technology, and more. Moving forward, Mozambique encourages fellow Member States to reaffirm their commitment to previous resolutions such as Resolution A/RES/75/36, and to focus on peaceful development and use of space rather than the militarization of it. As space technology and exploration continues to develop, Member States should keep in mind that the purpose of these developments is to benefit all states and peoples. | |
| Country: | Mozambique |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit trade of small arms and light weapons (SALW) continues to be a severe threat for
achieving peace, stability and development in many countries around the world, including
in Mozambique. The uncontrolled sale and usage of such weapons can only cause more
conflicts and more criminal activities, making it harder to build lasting peace and security.
Recognizing these challenges, Mozambique has been actively engaged in both national
and international initiatives, so that the prevention and eradication of this illicit trade can
be possible.
Mozambique is a signatory to the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in all its Aspects (PoA). This framework has been instrumental in guiding the country’s national strategies. Thanks to the PoA, Mozambique has improved its small arms regulations, strengthened stockpile management, ensured proper making of weapons and enhanced cooperation in tracing and information sharing. Moreover, Mozambique regularly conducts public awareness campaigns, seminars and workshops in order to promote a responsible behavior and raise awareness about the dangers of illicit arms proliferation. Focusing on the actions taken within the country, Mozambique works very closely with the Southern African Police Chief’s Regional Cooperation Organization (SARPCCO) to coordinate all actions related to the prevention and combat of trafficking in small arms and light weapons in the subregion of the Southern African Development Community. The country also cooperated with INTERPOL to address transnational organized crime linked to the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons. Despite all these advancements, Mozambique remains deeply concerned about this matter which continues to put in danger global peace and safety. Moving forward, Mozambique calls for a stronger cooperation from all the countries around the world, increasing support for the countries that need it the most and a renewed commitment by all member states to fully implement the Programme of Action and eliminate the flow of illicit arms worldwide. | |
| Country: | Netherlands |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Delegation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands recognizes the growing threats posed by kinetic attacks, electronic warfare, and cyberattacks against different space systems. These activities undermine the importance of international peace, security, and sustainability. Our delegation urges this committee to establish and strengthen responsible use of Space. As active members within the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (CPUOS), this delegation believes that a call for collective action to expand this program will be extremely beneficial in encouraging the reduction of space threats through peaceful means. The escalation of space threats, such as anti-satellite missile tests and cyber interference, has intensified heavily in the past two decades. The Netherlands recognizes that the absence of legally binding international norms leaves more room for dangerous misinterpretation. As a prominent member in European Space Agency (ESA) and a strong supporter of the UN Outer Space Treaty, the Netherlands has consistently advocated for preventative measures to prevent the militarization of space. The Netherlands proposes establishing a UN-led initiative to prevent the misuse of space, where nations can collaborate to create a safer outer space for all. | |
| Country: | Netherlands |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Kingdom of the Netherlands is deeply concerned regarding the topic of the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects, especially considering the proper enforcement of Member States to prohibit serious threats to global & domestic security, human rights, and stability. The Netherlands highly encourages Member States to follow its example, as it has some of the strictest arms export controls in Europe, including adherence to the EU Common Position criteria and the implementation of the Arms and Ammunition Act, as well as the Strategic Services Act, which ensures tight control and transparency over brokering, marking, and record-keeping. Globally, it is of utmost importance that the General Assembly First Committee suggests the international community continue to promote and educate Member States through capacity-building programs to improve tracing, stockpile management, and destruction of surplus weapons in accordance with the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) and UN Programme of Action (PoA) on SALW. Additionally, the Netherlands recalls Resolution 65/69 adopted by the General Assembly and subsequent resolutions on “Women, disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control.” It understands that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects continues to have devastating consequences for civilian populations, particularly women, and that gender and age-sensitive approaches are essential to the effective implementation of the Programme of Action and the International Tracing Instrument. This committee must highlight the importance of integrating gender perspectives and human rights considerations into all national, regional, and international efforts and potential resolutions to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons. | |
| Country: | New Zealand |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| New Zealand affirms that outer space is a shared global domain vital to modern communication, navigation, scientific advancement, and sustainable development. We view the increasing militarization of space, the irresponsible generation of debris, and the absence of universally accepted norms as significant threats to international peace and security. Outer space must remain free from conflict and be used solely for peaceful purposes. To maintain a peaceful space environment, New Zealand upholds United Nations (UN) General Assembly Resolution 75/36, fostering transparency and confidence-building measures, such as actively engaging in multilateral forums like the UN Open-Ended Working Group on Reducing Space Threats. We encourage Member States to continue their commitment to international space mission operation regulations through the strict licensing of private and commercial state actors. Responsible innovation must align with global security initiatives and contribute meaningfully to the UN Sustainable Development Goals like Goal 9 to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation. New Zealand opposes the testing of destructive anti-satellite weapons. We support the advancement of negotiations toward a legally binding resolution to prevent an arms race in outer space and the development of voluntary, non-binding norms that define responsible behavior, including the avoidance of debris-generating activities and the timely notification of space launches. Furthermore, New Zealand encourages states to share data on space objects and activities through the UN Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space to strengthen international cooperation on space situational awareness (SSA) mechanisms. Transparency reduces miscalculations and enhances trust and cooperation among nations. Our commitment to responsible space conduct is founded on the Outer Space and High-Altitude Activities Act (2017), which promotes transparency, accountability, and the peaceful use of space. Through these measures, New Zealand remains committed to preserving outer space as a peaceful, secure, and sustainable environment for all humankind. | |
| Country: | New Zealand |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| New Zealand is committed to addressing the illegal weapons trade as a violation of international law. As a show of this commitment, New Zealand signed and ratified the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and the Arms Trade Treaty. Personnel of the New Zealand Defense Forces (NZDF) have supported UN peacekeeping operations, such as the UN Mission in South Sudan, and observed the illegal arms trade. Light weapons, like anti-tank rockets and grenades, are also attached to inexpensive, commercial-grade drones, which are popular among non-state actors. Due to drones being more commonly purchased by non- military personnel, it is in the interest of international security to reduce the accessibility of these weapons for unofficial military organizations. New Zealand is committed to working with our global partners to restrict and counter the acquisition of illegal weapons by non-state actors through the institution of strict regulations to prevent the use of these weapons against civilians, UN peacekeepers, and military personnel of Member States. We firmly condemn any weapons trading between state and non-state actors. New Zealand follows and reports on all weapon sales through the UN Register of Conventional Arms, and we call upon other Member States to also utilize the register to consistently report weapon sales. We are committed to upholding international laws and regulations. International cooperation is the only constructive path to ending the cycle of illegal arms trading. New Zealand is willing to cooperate with the UN and Member States to reduce the trading of conventional weapons. We are committed to promoting international security and stability as a top priority for global peace. By working with our fellow Member States, New Zealand is confident in finding a long-term, equitable solution to the illegal distribution of small arms and light weapons. | |
| Country: | Nigeria |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| During the Cold War era, the space race was dominated by both the United States and the
Soviet Union, culminating in the moon landing—a significant victory for humanity. Now the
space race has shifted from domination to a friendly competition for innovation and the
betterment of society. Many Member States around the world have been investing in Space
programs recently.
Nigeria has seven active satellites launched with the assistance of both the Russian and Chinese space programs. Nigeria is actively working on launching its own Nigerian- manufactured satellite. As more countries enter space, a new risk is posed—space debris. Satellites or space products can pose a potential risk to civilians if they land in urban areas. All Member States must adhere to the 1972 Convention on Liability for Damage to Space Objects and comply with its provisions under the 1974 Convention on Registration of Space Objects. As technology advances, it is time to set new rules that allow for continued innovation while also preventing the risk of space debris. Much of the threat of space debris falls in the hands of private non-state space organizations that operate with fewer regulations. More restrictions must be placed on these non-state organizations while also allowing them to continue innovating. A new risk is also posed by anti-satellite weapons (ASATs). Member States should have the right to develop these weapons, but their use should be minimal. The active testing of ASAT weapons also poses a significant risk of space debris to other Member States' satellites should they be shot down. We must ensure that space remains a place for friendly competition and innovation while protecting against space pollution and debris. | |
| Country: | Nigeria |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| With the advancement of technology, the production of small arms is becoming increasingly
affordable. Since 2001, there have been attempts to tackle its illegal trade through
regulations such as the UN Program of Action (UNPoA). Additionally, the International
Tracing Instrument (ITI), designed to track small arms in 2005, was created to reduce the
likelihood of weapons produced by governments falling into the hands of unauthorized
individuals. Nigeria itself has been a supporter of the UNPoA, the first African state to ratify
the 2013 Arms Trade Treaty.
Arms getting into the hands of non-state actors like terrorist organizations, separatist groups, and criminal organizations is a significant issue. Nigeria is actively working on combating the trade of arms to Boko Haram. Combatting the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons requires us to tackle the problems of proper or efficient tracking and making sure these weapons do not land in the hands of non-State actors. Though mechanisms and tools for monitoring have been used in the past, specifically with the ITI, there must be continual advancements of the technology used to track small arms, in turn necessitating the increase of funding for said tools that all States can benefit from. Additionally, there must be a focus on areas of active conflict to prevent further harm to human life through strengthening regional organizations focused on reducing the ease with which illicit trade occurs in black markets. Further regional cooperation needs to take place in West Africa to prevent the spread of small arms to extremist groups in the region. Member States in active conflict zones must have an active seat at the table in the monitoring and prevention of arms entering the region. Pushing for funding from major global organizations includes the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), both of which address continuous funding for disarmament and facilitate more efficient tracking of weapons. | |
| Country: | North Macedonia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The topics before the First committee are reducing space threats through norms, rules, and
principles of responsible behaviors and the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its
aspects. North Macedonia is committed to ensuring the well-being of all states through the
work of this agency, and looks forward to productive and substantial work with fellow member
states.
The Republic of North Macedonia supports the development of international norms that preserve outer space for peaceful use. The Republic of North Macedonia aligns itself with the EU’s position and upholds the foundation that was established by the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. The country recognizes that maintaining space as a zone that is conflict-free free but requires cooperation, transparency, and restraint from all states. While the Republic of North Macedonia does not possess independent space launch or satellite capabilities, we view space security as directly linked to our digital, economic, and defense interests. Our National Cyber Security Strategy already commits to promoting international norms of responsible state behavior in cyberspace, principles that extend to outer space. | |
| Country: | North Macedonia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of North Macedonia acknowledges the increasing need for safety as the illegal trade and possession of weapons continue to rise. Ever since the armed conflicts of 2001, an increasing number of our citizens have illegally possessed light weaponry. Police reports indicate that such weapons are found during routine inspections, often alongside narcotics, in fights, smuggling operations, or domestic violence incidents. According to the Small Arms Survey from 2018, there are approximately 30 weapons per 100 inhabitants. Nearly 90% of these are in civilian hands, exceeding the global average of around 75%. The Republic of North Macedonia commits to the fight against illegal weapons as a top priority for our Ministry of Internal Affairs. We reaffirm our commitment to achieving the objectives of the Roadmap for Small Arms and Light Weapons Control. In particular, we support the adoption of a legal framework for arms control that will be fully aligned with the EU legislative framework and the standardized regulatory framework for explosives control in the region. Recently, we received a $200,000 donation as part of the “Enhancing Forensic and Crime Scene Investigation Capacities for Strengthening Criminal Justice Control over Small Arms and Light Weapons” project implemented by UNDP under the Roadmap for Small Arms and Light Weapons Control in the Western Balkans. The project aims to modernize forensic and crime scene investigation (CSI) units in North Macedonia to improve crime scene processing and evidence collection. | |
| Country: | Norway |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Norway upholds that outer space must remain open for peaceful, scientific, and cooperative
exploration by all states and relevant non-state actors. The legal foundation for this principle
lies in the Outer Space Treaty, which prohibits the placement of weapons of mass destruction
in orbit and establishes space as the province of all humankind. Norway further emphasizes
that preventing an arms race in outer space (PAROS) is essential to maintaining international
peace and security. Norway is a State Party to the Convention on Registration of Objects
Launched into Outer Space and the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused
by Space Objects. These instruments demonstrate Norway’s long-standing support for
transparency, accountability, and the sustainable use of the outer-space environment.
Today, Norway views threat reduction as a central goal in space security. This includes
mitigating risks posed by both military and civilian systems, avoiding actions that may be
perceived as hostile, and reducing debris-creating tests or unnotified manoeuvres. Norway
advocates for practical measures that build trust, promote transparency, and prevent an
arms race.
In this regard, Norway supports a merged approach that combines legal and behavioural dimensions, with a clear emphasis on a behaviour-based framework. This position is reflected in Norway’s active participation in the Open-Ended Working Group on Reducing Space Threats through Norms, Rules, and Principles of Responsible Behaviours (OEWG). Norway further underlines the importance of involving non-governmental and commercial actors, recognising their growing presence in space activities. Responsible behaviour should extend to all actors whose activities affect the security and sustainability of outer space. In conclusion, Norway calls upon the international community to develop and implement practical behavioural guidelines for both governmental and non-governmental actors. Such measures will reduce instability, foster mutual confidence, and promote the long-term peace and security of outer space. | |
| Country: | Norway |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Norway have been working hard to stop the illegal trade of small arms and light weapons. In
1997, we helped establish the Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers in partnership
with researchers and organizations to research and prevent armed violence. In 2001, we
supported the UN’s global plan called the Programme of Action, which focuses on marking
and tracking weapons so they can’t be easily sold illegally. Norway domestically passed strict
laws regarding Firearms to control who can own and import firearms. We also tightened our
export rules to make sure Norwegian weapons don’t end up in the wrong hands.
Today, we’re strongly supporting the Arms Trade Treaty, which is a global agreement that helps with preventing the illegal trade of weapons. We aren’t only a part of this treaty, we encourage other nations to join it too, while helping other countries build better systems to control weapon exports and share best practices in how to prevent illegal trading. Norway also focuses on how illegal weapons affect women, since small arms often lead to gender- based violence. And today we keep calling for countries and organizations to work more closely together across borders to track and stop illegal weapons in the UN. Norway wants to make sure that all international rules about small arms and light weapons work better together. We’ll keep pushing for others to join and follow the same standards under the UN’s main agreements. We plan to support new digital tools that can mark and trace weapons faster and help countries share information in real time. We want to help countries that don’t have strong systems yet by offering training and funding. Norway will keep focusing on connecting arms control to peace and development, so people all around the world can live in safer and more stable communities. | |
| Country: | Oman |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The rapid expansion of both state and privacy activities in orbit has increased the risk of
accidents and international conflicts. Similarly, the absence of binding international
frameworks to ensure responsible behavior in outer space threatens its peaceful use and
endangers the progress of all humankind. Thus, the Sultanate of Oman expresses deep
concern regarding these growing threats to the sustainable and secure usage of outer space.
Oman recognizes the vital role of the United Nations in addressing these challenges and reaffirms its commitment to the Outer Space Treaty, the Liability Convention, and the Registration Convention, all of which lay the groundwork for responsible space behavior. Nonetheless, the Sultanate of Oman believes that the UN must strengthen its framework by transforming existing non-binding guidelines into enforceable norms and expanding cooperation across regions. Thus, Oman believes formal discussions toward treaties or protocols based on the Long-Term Sustainability (LTS) Guidelines are essential to ensure safe and ecological space exploration. Furthermore, the delegation supports expanding the mandate of UN-SPIDER to include awareness-building and capacity development on space law, as well as responsible behavior among national agencies and satellite operators. Domestically, Oman is taking proactive steps to strengthen space exploration sustainably and responsibly. For instance, the Sultanate has launched its own Satellite Data Platform and Space Accelerator Programme (OSAP), ensuring that private innovation adheres to global standards of accountability. With that in mind, the Sultanate emphasizes the need for national legislation aligned with international space law that allows responsible experimentation under clear oversight. Finally, consistent with its Good Neighbor policy, the Sultanate of Oman stands ready to engage with Member States committed to responsible and peaceful uses of outer space. Oman reaffirms its dedication to multilateral dialogue and closing the gap between developing and spacefaring nations, ensuring that outer space remains the common heritage of humankind. | |
| Country: | Oman |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Sultanate of Oman expresses grave concern for the current state of the illicit trade in
small arms and light weapons (SALW). This illicit trade fuels terrorist groups, organized
crime, and non-state armed groups, while disproportionately harming civilians, who are
disproportionately affected, with over 377,000 Omani civilians being harmed by the use of
these illicit arms in Yemen. Consequently, this delegation supports the current UN
framework and mechanisms built to curb illicit SALW flows, notably the Programme of Action
(PoA) and the International Tracing Instrument (ITI). Sadly, to safeguard against the
innocuous nature of this problem, the current state of these efforts are not enough, and the
UN and Member States must adopt practical measures to the reduction of armaments and,
more importantly, the illegal trafficking of SALW.
To mitigate the threats, the Omani Delegation believes that the UN must address the root causes of the illicit trafficking of SALW. This delegation believes that the best way to address this issue is to call upon states to establish regional councils with the scope and authority to implement regulations addressed in the PoA and ITI. In addition to regional councils, Oman believes that the successes of the PoA and ITI are critical, which can only be reached with an increase in states submitting timely, detailed reports to the PoA and ITI, while calling upon states to discuss targeted funding into these programs. The Sultanate of Oman, consistent with our Good Neighbor policy, stands ready to engage with States that are committed to practical solutions. We welcome partners willing to address the root causes of the illicit trade in SALW to cooperate on a pragmatic, results- oriented approach. We reaffirm our support for all Member States and offer ourselves as a bridge in dialogue between the Global North and South. | |
| Country: | Pakistan |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Pakistan holds that outer space must remain the common heritage of humankind and free from the weaponization that would threaten international peace and security. Pakistan has consistently supported the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, as reaffirmed by GA resolutions 76/230 (2021) and 78/222 (2023), and views the establishment of a legally binding treaty as essential. The United Nations has taken important steps, such as the 2019 Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines adopted by the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, and the Open-Ended Working Group on Responsible Space Behaviors. However, these remain voluntary, and agreement is weak. Pakistan supports the recent momentum in favor of a ban on destructive anti-satellite testing which is the act of militaries interfering with or destroying satellites using weapons, echoing calls by the UN Secretary- General in the 2023 “Our Common Agenda” policy brief. Pakistan proposes that the following measures should be the action plan at the conference: Negotiate a comprehensive and legally binding treaty under the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space that bans all forms of anti-satellite weapons in space and destructive anti-satellite test; Establish clear state responsibility over private space actors which ensures transparency and liability in accordance with the 1972 Liability Convention; Expand capacity-building initiatives and technology-sharing programs to ensure equitable access to outer space; Strengthen confidence-building measures such as mandatory registration of launches and data exchange on near-Earth objects. We believe that the execution of these policies is essential to reducing space threats around the globe. | |
| Country: | Pakistan |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The uncontrolled circulation of small arms and light weapons brings conflict, terrorism, and organized crime which harms civilians, including women and children. Pakistan stresses that control of SALW is key to international security and development. While the UN Programme of Action (2001), the International Tracing Instrument (2005), and the Arms Trade Treaty (2013) have laid out the groundwork for this, implementation remains inconsistent. Many states do not have the ability to properly secure their stockpiles, marking, and tracing systems, while ammunition has little to no regulation. The United Nations has taken steps through meetings of states in 2021 and in 2022, as well as regional conventions, and through the work of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC) in addressing trafficking networks. However, illegal trade remains widespread, partly due to bad enforcement and the failure to address causes of issues like poverty and insecurity. Pakistan goes back to the statement of the Secretary-General in 2019, saying that SALW “remain weapons of choice in today’s conflicts,” showing the importance of action on this issue. Pakistan proposes that the following measures should be the action plan at the conference: Strengthen marking, tracing, and record-keeping systems, with assistance for those lacking proper methods, using UN resources, as well as allies and regional partners; Extend regulations to cover ammunition and transfers, currently the weakest link in the SALW document; Strengthen cooperation between UN member states, with an increase in information sharing, border security, and ways to monitor these illegal arms; Promote proper disarmament initiatives, that follow UN resolutions and procedure; Address key factors which increase illegal arms trade, with poverty reduction, counter-terrorism, and increasing government capacity, in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; Establish stricter policies relating to arms brokers, through licensing and registries, to help stop illegal sales. We believe that these policies will help to curb potential illegal arms trade, taking place throughout the globe. | |
| Country: | Panama |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Since first looking up at the night sky millennia ago, humanity has been fascinated with outer space. As technology advanced, humankind eventually got into space in 1957 with the launch of Sputnik. From that moment on, outer space became an arena for countries to exercise their geopolitical and economic might. In recent times, private interests have taken economic interest in space. In 2024, the space economy was forecasted to be worth $596 billion and is expected to grow to $944 billion by 2033. However, this has led to successful efforts to maintain a rule-based, safe, and neutral outer space that is open for all. Through measures such as A/RES/2777/XXVI: Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects and A/RES/3235/XXIX: Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, the United Nations has proven that the global community can keep the final frontier an open and neutral zone for human exploration. A neutral outer space means that Member States can launch their own endeavors into space if the endeavor is demilitarized and permits any findings to be shared with all Member States. At home, Panama has encouraged universities to promote programs for students in STEM fields and the pursuit of peaceful use of technology. Panama encourages all Member States to honor their obligation to the five space treaties under the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (CUPOUS), a committee set up by the General Assembly in 1959 to oversee the exploration and use of outer space by Member States. The five treaties under COPOUS are as follows: The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, A/RES/2345/XXII: The Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space, A/RES/2777/XXVI, A/RES/3235/XXIX and A/RES/34/68: Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. These five treaties altogether grant signatories and outer space the independence needed to maintain peace and security on the final frontier. To cement this position, on 11 December 2024, Panama signed the Artemis Accords, a series of multilateral agreements dedicated to establishing norms regarding governance over exploration and the use of outer space. The accords reaffirm the principles established by the Liability Convention, Rescue Agreement and Outer Space Treaty, as well as enshrine peaceful cooperation among the 56 signatories. Panama believes that by having all Member States adhere to the principles established by the five CUPOUS treaties and the Artemis Accords, outer space will remain an area where the global community can present one united front. | |
| Country: | Panama |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Panama has seen the damages done by the illegal trafficking of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) to not only law enforcement, economies, and most importantly, communities. It is predicted that $240 billion USD will be lost due to SALW trafficking worldwide. These are not just economic factors and damages to companies and government function, but lives lost from the destruction wrought by criminal and terrorist organizations (CTOs). In May of 2020, the Bagdad gang in Panama killed a 17 year old pregnant girl during a string of over 50 murders in a period of a month, more than all the murder in 2019. The gang that committed these murders received weapons from and is involved in SALW trafficking. The trafficking of SALWs is a direct threat to the UN’s SDGs, such as infrastructure, global partnerships, and most of all, peace. The continued cooperation with CTOs by corrupt officials, the growth in illicit arms manufacturing, and the cooperation of weapons manufacturers or distributors with CTOs only exacerbates an already prominent issue. Panama is dedicated to cracking down on the illicit transit of SALWs, especially given Panama’s unique geographic position at the crossroads of the Americas, and believes that Member States ought to increase their cooperation on the regional level, with greater ties between law enforcement through means of information sharing, joint operations, and more. The Republic of Panama is a proud signatory of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), the Organization of American States (OAS) convention against the illicit trade and manufacture of small arms and related material, believes the work already done be strengthened, and encourages new cooperations at the regional level to ensure greater capabilities by law enforcement are achieved together to weaken, and ideally end, the damage done by CTOs that traffick SALWs. It is the duty of each Member State to prevent the illicit proliferation of SALWs not only to protect their own people, but also to help combat preventable deaths in any neighboring Member States, because we are all humans, and as members of the UN, the SDGs are critical to the success of the UN. Those goals are not achievable if illicit SALWs are allowed to continue to proliferate. | |
| Country: | Peru |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| On October 4, 1957, the U.S.S.R. launched Sputnik 1, the very first official satellite. This
action marked the beginning of sixty-eight years of advancements in space technology.
Many member states and private actors have not only advanced making useful, even
essential, discoveries such as internet and telephone communication, GPS, and weather,
climate, and disaster forecasting, but also satellite weaponry. According to the United
Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, there are over 20,000 objects orbiting the earth,
quickly making the risk of a catastrophic collision inevitable.
There have been some treaties and conventions that have advanced the safety and responsibility of those space faring nations and private actors, including the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS), established in the 2023 Geneva Convention, which continues to agree on possible norms and principles for the future of member states space systems and forces. In addition to PAROS, the United Nations implemented an ad hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), which serves as a “Focal point for international cooperation in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space…” (United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, 2025). Another key advancement in establishing norms was in 1974 when the United Nations adopted the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched Into Outer Space, which called for space faring member states and private actors to register all objects launched into space to be registered with the secretary general. According to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, only 88% of all satellites, probes, landers, crewed spacecraft and space station flight elements launched from Earth have been registered with the secretary general. This is an amazing start, but we feel that we could do better. Peru urges member states and private actors to continue to register all objects that 1) have been launched into space, active or inactive, 2) are going to be launched into space before they have taken off. Sharing this vital information will continue the conversation of regulating norms, principles, and rules of space, and will hopefully attain Peru’s goal for the prohibition of the armament of outer space. National space forces have a responsibility to respect the environment and civilian safety. This, of course, is referencing simply armament, and not useful resources like satellites that offer communication, navigation, and crucial information about weather, climate change, and natural disasters. With that, we will continue our fight for technological autonomy as long as it is responsible and non- threatening. Technological autonomy promotes healthy advancement all over the world and could further aid world issues. As a non spacefaring nation, we would like to reiterate our hope for a peaceful, responsible, and nonthreatening space environment from an unarmed perspective.. | |
| Country: | Peru |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| According to the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), an
estimated 240 billion USD in GDP will be lost strictly as a result of small arms and light
weapon related deaths between 2018 and 2030. Trafficking of small arms and light
weapons (SALW) have always been an area of concern for the United Nations through both
licit and illicit networks. In 1991, a General Assembly committee established the United
Nations Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) initiative. This was the very first
multilateral attempt to monitor the trafficking of all legal arms, including SALW (This
initiative was not created solely for SALW. It was an initiative that targeted major
conventional arms anywhere from category I: Battle tanks, to category VII: Missiles and
missile launchers.). The hope of this initiative was that this registration process would limit
the diversion of arms into illicit markets without detection. Additionally, the Programme of
Action to Prevent Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in
all Aspects (PoA) was adopted in 2001 to set norms and regulations for the legal trafficking
of firearms. This initiative would enhance enforcement against the unlicensed
manufacturing of arms and recommend that all legally produced firearms be marked with a
serial number and country of origin. Numerous initiatives have bolstered these attempts to
limit illicit trafficking, but more can always be done.
Peru is an active member of the Executive Workshop on Illicit Trafficking and Manufacture of Firearms and Ammunition organized by the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament, and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (UNLIREC). Peru’s homicide rate increased 35.9% in 2024. Not only is this the largest ever rise in South America, 81% of those homicides were committed by firearms. We value the disarmament of SALW just as any Latin American state would. Latin America feels the weight of the uncontrolled illicit arms trade more than ever before. Now is the time to act. | |
| Country: | Philippines |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Member States have discussed opportunities to codify space regulations for decades. This is needed to ensure space is used for peaceful purposes, not as a new warfront. Space warfare is a world concern, and as such, the United Nations (UN), in Resolution 78/238 (2023) has decided that prevention of an arms race in space is of the utmost priority. The UN created the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) in 1958 to use peaceful and future-looking philosophy in space exploration. The Philippines abides by the treaties affirmed by the international community, specifically the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Treaty, also established with UNOOSA in 1966 Resolution 2222 XXI). The Philippines agrees to prevent the usage of space for purposes that are counterproductive to international peace and security. In Southeast Asia, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which has a partnership with the UN and the UN Open-Ended Working Group (OWEG) is creating regional legislation to codify the use of space. This partnership has affirmed the UN’s decisions on the use of space for general scientific purposes only. The Republic of the Philippines is also conducting research in space to benefit national interests, which we believe are best facilitated through the UN. We have signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the UN to focus on cooperation and ethical use of space. The Republic of the Philippines affirms the need for international cooperation that creates value in space and allows for scientific advancement, both on Earth and beyond. Through collaboration with the UN, the Philippines has worked to bolster the capacity of the Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) in four key ways: to utilize space science and technology for socioeconomic development, to collaborate with other Member States on satellite usage for disaster reduction and emergency response, to expand frameworks of international space law and to educate the public about the continued opportunities of space. At the upcoming meeting, the Philippines hopes to continue dialogue on these pillars, ultimately promoting a peaceful exploration of space. With the UN and regional partnerships, Member States can use space for research, to enrich their socioeconomic possibilities and to better the world at large. Responsible space exploration that limits risk is the preferred method to navigate the new frontier while reducing space threats. | |
| Country: | Philippines |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) present issues with international trade and are an immense threat to lives across the international community, especially when obtained illicitly. In a report to the Secretary General pursuant to Security Council resolution 2220 (2015), the UN’s goals of disarmament are elaborated upon, which include protection of civilians, peace operations, peace and security of women, the indescribable effects of war on children and prevention of transnational organized crime. The UN offers arms embargoes as a possible solution, which are described in an explanation of terms as an attempt to prevent direct and indirect supply and transfer of SALW to specific individuals or entities. The Republic of the Philippines’ goal is to implement these strategies in all regions of our country. We are attempting to fulfill the resolution of the UN by minimizing disruption to civilian life and respecting human rights while dismantling illegal arms networks. ASEAN has implemented the Declaration on Combating Arms Smuggling and the Regional Roadmap Towards Regional Mechanism on Weapons Regulation. These address arms smuggling, which is a very present issue in the world as well as in the Philippines, as we face over 2 million unregistered arms and significant arms smuggling across the borders of our country. We align with ASEAN on these principles and are working towards a nation that is safe and respectful while eliminating the illicit small arms trade. The Joint Normalization Committee- Government of the Philippines (JNC-GPH) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) are compiling information to address the goals set by the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (ODA). The Philippines acknowledges that we are not yet at the forefront of disarmament but are working with the ODA and ASEAN to fix past struggles with illicit small arms trade. We will use the policy of the UN to ensure that small arms are traded legally and used in ways that are not detrimental to society. | |
| Country: | Poland |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Poland has consistently supported international initiatives that aim to
reduce space threats through norms, rules, and principles of responsible behaviours,
including co-sponsoring United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolutions
A/C.1/75/L.45/Rev.1 (23/10/2020), A/C.1/76/L.52 (14/10/2021), and A/C.1/78/L.15/Rev.1
(25/10/2023). The Republic of Poland’s support for these resolutions reflects our strong
commitment to the preservation of outer space as a territory of peace and international
cooperation. The First Committee has a vital role to play in advocating for transparency and
building consensus on responsible behaviours in outer space, especially in the absence of
legally binding instruments.
The Republic of Poland encourages the continuation of collaboration with the Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) on reducing space threats as mandated by the UNGA resolutions A/RES/78/20 (6/12/2023) and A/RES/78/238 (28/12/2023). The Republic of Poland supports strengthening the abilities of the OEWG’s UN Global Mechanism for Cyberspace Governance in order to reduce space threats. Furthermore, Poland advocates for enhanced cooperation between the First Committee, the Conference on Disarmament (CD), and other relevant UN bodies to ensure policy progress on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) agenda. | |
| Country: | Poland |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Poland recognizes the transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW), but does not support it as it is seen as a threat to international trade and the general peace in security, economically, and social development. Because of the rise in uncontrolled SALW advancements there is a higher possibility of terrorism, armed conflicts, and overall crime rates which can become a threat to global development attempts. Poland is committed to promoting more international frameworks that have effective cooperation and commitment to stop the illegal trade of SALW. Poland supports and participates in international initiatives like the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) and the United Nations Program of Action of SALW as a member of the international community that is committed to disarmament and non- proliferation. The Republic of Poland supports a strategy that deals with the supply and demand side of illegal arms trade through regulation, transparency, enforcement, and development. Poland is strongly in favour of international cooperation in strengthening national controls to hopefully prevent SALW from causing conflicts, especially in areas that are already at a higher risk. The Republic of Poland emphasizes its commitment to having support to deal with the illegal trade in SALW to address the issues caused by it, and to promote disarmament and security in hopes member states cooperate. | |
| Country: | Qatar |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The State of Qatar recognizes that maintaining peace and security in outer space is essential to global stability. As the world becomes increasingly reliant on space-based technologies for communication, navigation, and defense, irresponsible actions in space and the misuse of these technologies in regional conflicts pose serious risks to sovereignty and civilian safety. On June 23, 2025, Qatar temporarily shut down its airspace following heightened regional tensions. The United States and United Kingdom advised their citizens to shelter due to Iranian threats of retaliation after strikes on its nuclear sites. In this context, an Israeli strike near Doha threatened Qatar’s regional security, and a subsequent Iranian attack targeting the U.S. Al-Udeid Military Base within Qatar’s borders violated Qatari sovereignty. These events underscore the increasing danger of state and non-state actors leveraging advanced technologies, including those reliant on space systems, to escalate conflicts. Qatar firmly believes that reducing space threats requires reinforcing norms of transparency, restraint, and respect for sovereignty. The absence of clear international guidelines for responsible space behavior leaves room for miscalculation and the militarization of a domain intended for peaceful use. Qatar supports the development of a United Nations endorsed Code of Conduct that defines responsible actions in outer space, prohibits the targeting or interference of other nations’ satellites, and promotes transparency in space operations. Additionally, Qatar advocates for the creation of a UN rapid-response communication mechanism through the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) to coordinate during crises involving airspace and space-based systems. Regional cooperation among Middle Eastern states should also be strengthened to improvespace situational awareness and prevent accidental escalation. Qatar remains committed to ensuring that outer space remains a domain of peace, collaboration, and technological progress. The events of June 2025 serve as a reminder that responsible space behavioris inseparable from global and regional security. Through adherence to shared norms and rules, the international community can safeguard both the heavens above and the nations below. | |
| Country: | Qatar |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The State of Qatar recognizes that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW) remains a profound threat to international peace and security, particularly in regions already experiencing instability and conflict. Qatar firmly believes that addressing this challenge requires the concerted efforts of the entire international community through all available means, including the implementation of international treaties and regional or bilateral agreements. Central to Qatar’s position is its unwavering commitment to the United Nations Programme of Action (PoA) of 2001, which regards it as the primary framework for combating the illicit arms trade. Qatar strongly opposes any attempts to renegotiate or reopen agreed-upon conclusions within the PoA, viewing such actions as detrimental to the collective progress achieved since 2001. Domestically, Qatar has taken concrete steps to fulfill its obligations under the Programme, notably through the establishment of the National Committee on Disarmament and the adoption of Resolution 26 of 2004, underscoring its political will to implement the PoA effectively. Furthermore, Qatar emphasizes that governments have a duty to strengthen control over the transfer of weapons to prevent the illicit smuggling across borders. It upholds the non- negotiable principles enshrined in the UN Charter, including respect for state sovereignty, the right of peoples under foreign occupation to self-determination, and the collective responsibility to curb the illicit arms trade in all forms. In seeking constructive outcomes within this committee, Qatar proposes enhancing information sharing mechanisms among Member States to track illicit arms flows, particularly through regional databases coordinated by the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA). Qatar also advocates capacity building initiatives to assist developing countries in improving customs oversight, border security, and record-keeping systems. Furthermore, Qatar encourages the expansion of international cooperation to target illicit arms brokers through improved legislation, as well as the promotion of comprehensive and non-discriminatory transparency measures that build confidence without infringing on national sovereignty Finally, the State of Qatar reaffirms its commitment to global peace, security, and multilateral cooperation in combating the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons. Qatar believes that through shared responsibility, adherence to the United Nations Programme of Action, and the strengthening of international and regional partnerships, the international community can make tangible progress toward eradicating this threat. | |
| Country: | Republic of Korea |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Korea would like to reaffirm its unwavering commitment to positive actions directed toward promoting outer space security, as well as its willingness to continue working on ongoing efforts focused on space security and the prevention of an arms race in outer space (PAROS), alongside general acts of demilitarization and denuclearization. The Republic of Korea would also like to emphasize its continued interest and strong commitment to maintaining active engagement with the Open-Ended Working Group on Reducing Space Threats through Norms, Rules and Principles of Responsible Behaviours (OEWG). Simultaneously, the Republic of Korea urges the broader international community to engage in discussions on developing principles of responsible behavior regarding outer space matters, including laying a legal foundation for promoting responsible behavior defined by both conduct and intent, which would enhance the potential for further transparency and confidence-building within the international community. The Republic of Korea acknowledges the growing need for continued discussions on the peaceful development of outer space, as well as greater awareness of dual-use technologies and innovations for space use and exploration, which must be approached holistically. | |
| Country: | Republic of Korea |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Korea’s primary goal is achieving a verifiably peaceful and stable Korean
Peninsula. The key obstacle to regional disarmament remains the Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea’s (DPRK) aggressive posturing and its refusal to engage in good-faith
dialogue. Their continued militarization of the border and development of prohibited
weapons directly undermines trust and security. We therefore urge this Committee to
reaffirm that sustainable border security is contingent upon the DPRK’s complete
compliance with its denuclearization obligations under all relevant UN Security Council
resolutions. Simultaneously, the Republic of Korea wishes to express its unwavering
commitment to the 2018 Inter-Korean Military Agreement and reaffirm its readiness to cease
all hostile acts from its side. The Republic of Korea is ready and willing to continue its
engagement in the removal and withdrawal of guard posts, the demilitarization of the Joint
Security Area and the ongoing transformation of the DMZ into a buffer peace zone, with the
aim of enhancing lasting peace, long-term safety and prosperity on the Korean Peninsula.
Like many other states around the world, the Republic of Korea urges the public to focus closely on discussions about demilitarization and global peace in the context of modern technological capacities and continuous technological development. The Republic of Korea strongly advocates the regulation and legislation of autonomous and AI-based weapons, as well as the development of lasting strategies that focus on preventing the weaponization of new and emerging technologies. The Republic of Korea strongly supports the view that modern warfare is evolving in line with the technological capabilities of the modern world, and that nations, states and the international community should take positive action to ensure that these technologies do not fall into the hands of hostile powers but rather serve as a source of personal and communal empowerment. Overall, the Republic of Korea urges the public to closely evaluate and codify international laws around new and emerging outer space technologies, AI-powered and AI-based technologies, and new and emerging cyber warfare technologies that could be utilized for the potential creation of biological weapons. | |
| Country: | Russian Federation |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Russian Federation recognizes the role that outer space plays in international security. The Russian Federation has been a strong influence of the international community in relation to ensuring that the use of outer space is not weaponized and instead promotes the use of peace within the region beyond earth. Russia promotes the safe usage of space and condemns any actions that could lead to the escalation of an arms race.
The Russian Federation has made steps to encourage other member states to adopt policies and treaties, creating a mutual agreement of the safe and considerate usage of outer space. The federation lead the conference of … the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which promotes the unthreatened use of outer space for things like exploration. The treaty also determines that the weapons of mass destruction and military equipment is not permitted in orbit nor on any celestial body such as the moon. This statement is further strengthened by the leader of the Russian Federation, President Vladimir Putin, who states “Our position is clear and transparent: We have always been categorically against and are now against the deployment of nuclear weapons in space.” The position of the Federation is evident through the Russian Federations constant promotion of international agreements that discourage space threats and the consistency in the Russian federations dedication by increasing transparency and trust through the multilateral exchange of information. The Russian Federation encourages all member states to increase their transparency and make efforts to strengthen treaties through joint work to further promote the peace and safety of the international community. | |
| Country: | Russian Federation |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons is one of the most concerning threats to both international security and peace. It fuels criminal and international threats such as terrorism and has an overall negative effect on economic growth. In the interest in maintaining peace and security within the international world, the Russian Federation acknowledges the illicit trade as a manipulation of legal trade and will continue to combat it. While the trade of small arms and light weapons is a legitimate business that plays a significant role in society, the illegal trafficking of weapons is unacceptable. The Russian Federation has shown consistent support in the United Nations Program of Action in erasing all forms of illicit trade in small arms and light weapons. In support of solving this problem the Russian Federation calls for a regional data base amongst governments to keep track of stolen or lost weapons. The Russian Federation is also in favor of working alongside members to target financial networks that are related to the illicit arms trade market. The Russian Federation is ready to stand and cooperate with all member states to take the necessary measures to assure the reduction of Illicit arms out there. We are committed and are striving to reach a safe and secure international environment. | |
| Country: | Rwanda |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Rwanda takes into account the growing importance of outer space for
communication, development, and security. However, the increasing risks of
weaponization, debris in the atmosphere, and careless activities threaten the peaceful use
of space. The Republic of Rwanda emphasizes that outer space must stay a globally open
space dedicated to conflict-free intentions and sustainable development. We support the
development of international norms and rules that strengthen clarity, promote
international communication, and prevent harmful interference with space assets. The
Republic of Rwanda requests for discussion within the United Nations to establish binding
and non-binding tools that ensure accountability and cooperation.
The Minister of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Innovation, Paula Ingabire, highlighted the revolutionary impact that space technology holds on divisions like agriculture, healthcare, communication, and transportation. She states, “...in an era where space technologies are revolutionizing various sectors, it is crucial that we harness the potential of space for the betterment of our society” in this, she is stressing the importance of the use of space technology’s potential to catapult societal advancements. Our Rwandan Space Agency recognizes, and seeks to address a gap in satellite ground infrastructure. Guided by the development of our satellite ground station, along with teleport, which are both capable of supporting space expeditions to the moon. These initiatives present our determination to become a regional center for innovation and sustainable space research. As an emerging space nation, The Republic of Rwanda draws attention to increasing responsible behavior in line with the principles of equity, inclusivity, and the Sustainable Development Goals. With development to the space division, it can lead to a lump sum of socio-economic development. We invite Member States to prioritize peaceful collaboration, technological sharing, and responsible behavior to protect and defend outer space for present and future generations. Through these efforts, we anticipate a future where space exploration will directly contribute to global unity and good. | |
| Country: | Rwanda |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Rwanda acknowledges the intense threat created by the illicit trade in
small arms and light weapons (SALW) for peace, stability, and prosperity for all. The
uncontrolled spread of SALW fuels terrorism, organized massacre, crime, and undermines
the security of a nation/state. The Rwandan Genocide of 1994, and its nearly one million
casualties represents the extreme consequences that may occur when dangerous
weapons end up in the wrong hands.
In the interest of cooperation and longing for peaceful and stable nations, The Republic of Rwanda is committed to stopping illegal and unnecessary trade of small arms and light weapons. We strongly support the United Nations Programme of Action (PoA) aimed to prevent and combat SALW’s. The PoA creates a comprehensive framework for international cooperation and acknowledgement of SALW’s. Ultimately, aimed to eradicate the illicit trade in all aspects. Additionally, The Republic of Rwanda firmly supports the International Tracing Instruments (ITI) introduced by the United Nations. Including thorough background checks regarding the intent for SALW’s before distributing them to private groups or nation states. As well as, specific stampings on SALW’s to more efficiently monitor and trace the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons. Universal stamping includes manufacturing country, company, issue date, tag signifying the amount of weapons produced, and any other necessary stampings. While recognizing some of the roots of the problem, including but not limited to poverty, weak borders, and fragile governance. The Republic of Rwanda urges other nations to adopt efficient solutions to the issue of SALW’s. For instance, joining ongoing movements combating SALW’s, monitoring SALW’s manufacturing, and tracing the illicit trade of SALW’s. The Republic of Rwanda is excited to collaborate internationally to maintain peace and protect all from SALW’s. | |
| Country: | Saudi Arabia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia remains ever steadfast in its endeavor to forge and maintain peace and stability on Earth. The Kingdom very well endeavors to do the same for that final frontier of humanity. The peoples of Earth have embodied amongst themselves time and time again unity and cooperation, sharing the burdens of arduous intellectual labor towards obtaining a deeper understanding for the universe that surrounds us. However, the use of space as a source of both global unity and the common pursuit for technological advancement has become increasingly undermined, developing into a field for military contestation rather than for discovery. The Kingdom recognizes this immense concern, and has been deeply affected by it. Space debris from objects in orbit have increasingly been found on the Kingdom’s soil and airspace. The use of satellites remains an integral component of both civilian and military infrastructure and communication systems. The numerous threats posed by the unrestricted use of space-based military assets, such as anti-satellite weaponry, is a critical part of the Kingdom’s many national security concerns, as well as for its regional strategic partners. The very safety of the Kingdom’s present and future lies deeply in reducing these illusive threats. The Kingdom has already done much endeavoring towards this goal as both a member-state to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outerspace and as a party to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. The Saudi Space Agency has proudly hosted the 2024 Space Debris Conference in the Kingdom’s capital Riyadh, and will do so once again in 2026. In cooperation with all other willing members of this body, the Kingdom advocates firmly for strong, concrete principles and rules to be outlined in international law that reprimands the irresponsible usage of space outside of national security, civilian infrastructure, and astronomical discovery within a legally binding treaty. Moreover, norms must be developed further incentivizing both private and state-actors towards more responsible usage of space. Our behavior in the outer universe very well reflects our behavior on the Earth. The Kingdom urges its allies and this body assembled today to give more respect for both of God’s creations. | |
| Country: | Saudi Arabia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is committed to the possibility of a more peaceful world as outlined in the Charter of the United Nations. As such, we oppose the illegal trade of arms and weapons around the world. Small arms and light weapons (SALW) pose a particular threat, due to the difficulty in tracking. Over the past few years, the Kingdom has repeatedly called for greater international cooperation and assistance in creating regulations to govern SALW. The Kingdom seeks guidance on further compliance with the UN Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons and a strengthening of this body’s institutions. The Kingdom further proposes an international effort to use new technology to track these SALW, including location tags and AI recognition of arms from CCTV footage. Of particular concern to the Kingdom is the illegal armament of the so-called “Ansar Allah,” more commonly known as the Houthis, a terrorist group fighting against the legitimate government of Yemen as recognized by this body. The Houthis, given arms in contravention to international law, promote instability and violence around the region. Similarly, the so-called “Hezbollah” promotes terror around the world. If a member state is found to be arming these groups, it should be subject to the heaviest sanctions and penalties. | |
| Country: | Serbia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Throughout the 90s to the 2020s, Serbia has always attempted to expand their space
programs. Their biggest space program is run through SerbSpace. Their most recent
accomplishment is the launching of the Mozaik Satellite. Serbia strongly believes in a unified
parliament to help expand into space and achieve technological advancements. Serbia also
believes that we need a unified Earth when it comes to space threats. Serbia believes in the
preservation of the Human Race and believes that we should maintain isolationism and put
Humans first. We as humans need to unite and unify to preserve humanity and not contact
Extraterrestrial beings. In conclusion, Serbia believes not only in a Unified Parliament, but a
Unified Earth. To truly achieve space expansion and true technological advancement as the
human race.
| |
| Country: | Serbia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Throughout history, Serbia has been a hub for small arms trading since Serbia's former days as Yugoslavia, dealing arms with both NATO and the USSR through land and through the Adriatic Sea. Serbia still maintains relationships with global superpowers such as Russia, China, Germany, and Italy. Serbia believes in the trade of small arms and light weapons between other countries as they rely heavily on trade. Many branches of the Serbian army use German, American, and Russian arms. Serbia stands against the restriction of small arms and light weapons. Serbia needs these international trades to maintain their relationships with these countries and to help regulate their economy. Serbia's biggest arms manufacturer, named Zastava, exports its small arms such as ArmaLite Rifles (ARs) and pistols to over 40 different countries. Placing restrictions on arms deals will not only have a huge effect on Serbia but also on the other 40 countries that have extensive arms trades with us. In conclusion, restricting arms deals will have a negative impact on Serbia. It will deteriorate relations with global superpowers, taking an unnecessary toll on our economy and cutting off arms to countries that we supply. | |
| Country: | Sierra Leone |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Sierra Leone advocates for the future use of outer space to be exclusively
peaceful and utilized as a “global common.” Any weaponization or militarization to this domain
will lead to strong opposition and is deemed as “totally unacceptable.” Primary concerns are to
secure an environment that is beneficial to all countries, especially for improvement of
education, health, and national development.
Sierra Leone urges compliance to the existing framework governing outer space and its usage,
this includes the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and laws established in current UN protocol.
Registered launches, responsibility, and clean-up of space debris adherence continue to be a
serious concern.
It is equally important that all states receive access to and have an equal voice concerning space
development, policies, and access to technological advancements in this field, not limited only to
countries with advanced space programs.
In order to mitigate and reduce potential threats to this endeavor, Sierra Leone is a firm
supporter of responsible adherence to the pre-existing Norms established as precedent.
Furthermore, it is vital for the implementation of any policy to include Voluntary vs Legally
Binding documents, and clear transparency.
In conclusion, Sierra Leone urges improved cooperation among African States and the
International Community through proper UN channels which is crucial for peaceful coordination
for successful teamwork and implementation. Space is valuable resource, its security,
governance, and development are top priorities. Together, the world can strive to maintain and
establish a harmonious, sustainable environment in outer space, bequeathing it as a prosperous
legacy to future generations of humankind.
| |
| Country: | Sierra Leone |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Sierra Leone believes that the illicit trade of arms needs to be stopped, and that the states that
continue to commit these illicit trades threaten the peace and security of every state. When the
Arms Trade Treaty was brought to the UN, we started to take action to help international peace.
Even though some states signed on to the Arms Trade Treaty, they are still actively going against
the terms and sending arms into conflict zones, as well as continuing to stockpile them, showing
their noncommitment to the cause while hurting international peace and security for every
state. In 2010, Sierra Leone established the "Sierra Leone National Commission on Small Arms"
(SLeNCSA) to have more governmental control over who is making and who is possessing small
arms. In 2023, it was changed to the "Sierra Leone Commission on Arms and Ammunition Act,"
which expanded to more than just small arms through light weapons as well. It also focused on
the imports and exports of small arms and light weapons (SALW), and how to go about
penalizing those who do not follow the rules set. Sierra Leone has been working with the Small
Arms Survey on making a National Action Plan (NAP) about small arms. This NAP is wanting for
arms control not to be its own problem, but to incorporate it in other efforts to strengthen both
efforts. This is allowing Sierra Leone to serve as an example to other nations in Africa that are
having problems on how they can help solve their problems.
| |
| Country: | Singapore |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The peaceful use of outer space is increasingly under strain. The rise of anti-satellite (ASAT)
tests, orbital congestion, and the growing role of private actors have introduced new
vulnerabilities into a domain once seen as purely scientific. The absence of clear norms
governing military activity in space, combined with the dual-use nature of most space
technology, makes miscalculation and escalation genuine risks.
Singapore’s approach to space security reflects its broader foreign policy philosophy: strength through cooperation, prudence through diplomacy. The Republic supports efforts that promote transparency, mutual trust, and the long-term sustainability of space activities. Singapore firmly upholds that space must remain a domain of peaceful cooperation, not strategic rivalry. The Republic is a signatory to the Outer Space Treaty (1967) and fully supports its principles prohibiting the placement of weapons of mass destruction in orbit. However, Singapore recognizes the limitations of existing legal instruments in addressing modern challenges such as ASAT testing and the behavior of commercial space entities. Singapore also emphasizes the importance of regional and non-state engagement. Encourage prior notification of space launches and maneuvers in line with the Registration Convention (1976) to enhance transparency. Strengthen Transparency and Confidence- Building Measures (TCBMs), develop mechanisms for space situational awareness (SSA) data-sharing among states to prevent collision risks and misunderstandings. Lay Foundations for Future Legal Instruments, use the OEWG and COPUOS frameworks to develop shared definitions of “responsible behavior” and “space threats,” setting the stage for eventual binding agreements. Advocate for an inclusive process where developing countries have equal input in shaping space norms, ensuring that governance reflects the interests of all nations, not only spacefaring powers. The Republic of Singapore envisions outer space as a shared and peaceful domain governed by transparency, accountability, and collective restraint. Building norms, rules, and principles of responsible behavior is not a symbolic exercise; it is the pragmatic path toward preventing conflict. In Singapore’s view, restraint in space is not weakness, but wisdom. The costs of inaction or worse, confrontation, would be borne by all nations, large and small alike. The challenge before this committee is therefore not only to reduce space threats, but to ensure that space remains, in both principle and practice, a realm of cooperation rather than conflict. | |
| Country: | Singapore |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW) remains a central driver of global
insecurity. These weapons, easily portable and widely available, perpetuate armed conflict,
organized crime, and terrorism. Despite the existence of frameworks like the UN
Programme of Action (PoA) and the International Tracing Instrument (ITI), illicit trafficking
persists due to porous borders, insufficient national controls, and the growing role of non-
state actors.
Emerging technologies such as 3D printing have introduced new challenges in recent years. The ability to manufacture unregistered firearms using commercially available printers has added a digital layer to an already complex problem. While not yet widespread, this development underscores the need to modernize international approaches to arms control. Singapore views the illicit trade in SALW as a direct threat to international peace, domestic security, and sustainable development. As a nation with strict firearms regulations under its Arms and Explosives Act and Regulation of Imports and Exports Act, Singapore enforces a near-total prohibition on private weapon possession and closely monitors cross-border movement of controlled items. The Republic supports the full and effective implementation of the UN PoA and ITI, emphasizing stronger national legislation, improved tracing mechanisms, and enhanced information-sharing. Singapore also recognizes that as technology evolves, so must the norms that govern security. To this end, Singapore encourages responsible innovation by engaging private sector partners, including 3D printer manufacturers, to prevent the unlicensed creation of weapon components. Also, developing best practices to track digital transfers of weapon design files, treating them as controlled items where appropriate is advised. Partnering with the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific (UNRCPD) will strengthen law enforcement's technical and forensic capabilities. Support for developing states efforts to improve border management systems and national arms registries through targeted training and funding is recommended. Singapore also advocates for a centralized UN database on illicit arms seizures, trafficking routes, and new manufacturing methods. Singapore believes that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons demands a 21st- century approach to a 20th-century problem. While traditional trafficking routes still dominate, new technologies like 3D printing could expand the scope of the threat if left unchecked. By reinforcing existing international frameworks, promoting responsible innovation, and fostering multilateral cooperation, the global community can reduce the spread of illicit arms and ensure that technological progress strengthens collective security. | |
| Country: | Slovenia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The severity of space threats derives from humanity’s dependence on modern equipment
that utilize systems that require space traversal. Essential services such as
communications, forecasting, and resources that derive from outer space are globally
required to further advance societies and solve issues of the future. The irresponsible use
of space resources and the unchecked actions of private actors play a crucial part in
jeopardizing future endeavors into the outer reaches of our planet, and produce long-
term risks to the environment in space. Prevalent issues that threaten global security in
space include the irresponsible actions that create space debris and the lack of binding
agreements to reinforce security in an ever-changing environment like space. The United
Nations’ establishment of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPOUS)
in 1958 was due to the first satellite that was launched into space. It was established to
promote peaceful international cooperation between states with the utilization and
exploration of space. Since then it has helped develop normative frameworks and
guidelines when it comes to space traversal, but to further the advances of civilization
through space traversal has made the cooperation between private actors and states has
never been more necessary than now to help build a thriving industry in space
exploration.
As an associate member of the European Space Agency and an active member of COPOUS, Slovenia wants to ensure the exploration of space remains safe and sustainable by strengthening international and private cooperation on the utilization of resources, as well as regulations on space traversal. Over the last decade, we have contributed to building a diverse space sector by incorporating both private entities and research institutions, which has bolstered our space program. We must cultivate this fertile ecosystem of private industry in space for the benefit of all nations. Additionally, there must be adherence to international standards to stop the pollution of space through the strict observance of space traffic management. We encourage all space sectors to follow suit with the European Space Agency’s Zero Debris Policy to help reduce this problem. Furthermore, to ensure a safer and sustainable orbit, we must foster and collaborate on emerging technologies that can enhance the collection of space data and decrease the waste of resources through collaborative intergovernmental organizations like the EU Space Surveillance and Tracking. If we go through these efforts, we can create an international space utopia that can serve the world. | |
| Country: | Slovenia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Small arms and light weapons (SALWs) are a global issue, with over one billion in circulation
throughout the world. This is a matter that is ubiquitous with its reach, leaving no state
untouched. There has been a massive economic toll that has occurred due to SALWs, and
the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has estimated that there
will be 240 billion USD of gross domestic product lost internationally between the years of
2018 and 2030 due to deaths caused by SALWs. There have been challenges to the
control and tracking of SALWs, and even the Arms Trade Treaty of 2013 passed by the
United Nations has had a very finite impact on the volume of illicit arms trade. The illegal
modifications of accessories for SALWs and private individuals creating weapons have
made tracking, as well as identifying the flow of illicit arms, even more challenging.
Many states have had difficulties maintaining control over SALWs due to limitations of resources and gaps in technology. States like Slovenia have had distinct problems in relation to SALWs and their link to organized crime, in addition to violence. Criminals exploit Slovenia for the transportation of SALWs to Western Europe. Due to this, there has been a rise in firearms being utilized in domestic violence and organized crime in Slovenia since February 2024. We must work together to strengthen international restrictions on the proliferation of SALWs by addressing the challenges posed by emerging technology through the establishment of initiatives such as the Modular Small-arms-control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC). Additionally, we must prevent the demand for these weapons rather than just seizing supplies. We must work together to build a safe society where people will not be afraid to leave their homes, and we must construct an atmosphere where people feel secure. We must stop this violence in its tracks by building a transnational system that protects its denizens. | |
| Country: | Somalia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Federal Republic of Somalia asserts the principles of responsible behavior regarding space travel and exploration, affirming that space travel be peaceful without discrimination of any kind or towards any nation state. Somalia also rejects the notion of an arms race conducted in outer space, thus jeopardizing the concept of international peace, as highlighted in resolution A/RES/79/22 which Somalia helped to pass in December of 2024. Furthermore, Somalia believes in the role of the rules of international law and the Charter of the United Nations to guide nation states in their space exploration, as stated in the same resolution. However, Somalia also believes in state sovereignty in its entirety and believes that it is imperative that nation states maintain state identity. Somalia also agrees with several Sustainable Development Goals, such as 16.3 and 16.4 as they pertain to endorsing and following international law and reducing illicit financial and arms flows. Somalia has also advocated for resolution A/RES/75/240 in which the Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) was established, ensuring that member states would meet and discuss the crucial prevention of an arms race in outer space. It also affirms that space travel and exploration be used primarily for the good of mankind. Somalia has also expressed explicit approval for the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) who work towards analyzing the risk of an arms race in outer space and figuring out what measures to take in order to prevent it. This group consists of 25 nation states chosen based on geographic equity, one of which being the nation state of Somalia. In affirming the rights for nation states to peacefully participate in space travel whilst maintaining state sovereignty, the nation of Somalia would like to propose a committee of member states to receive and analyze self-reporting of armament distributed in space. | |
| Country: | Somalia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The nation state of Somalia believes in the elimination of illicit trade in small arms and light weapons. However, it also believes strongly in state sovereignty and nation states having and maintaining national identity. This ideology is outlined in the UN International Tracing Instrument (ITI), which outwardly denounces the illicit trading and acquisition of small arms and light weapons, but also works to ensure that the rights of nation states to manufacture, transfer, and retain are not infringed upon. Furthermore, due to Somalia’s strict crackdown on internal crime and ammunition management, the UN has recognized Somalia as a responsible nation state despite concerns about further proliferation. Somalia also believes in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlighted in the 16th goal, “Peace, Justice, and Strong Institution.” These specifically include SDG 16.4 with the aim to significantly reduce illicit firearms by 2030. Somalia has also taken steps to fully commit to the UN Program of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (PoA). This framework reduces the illicit trade of weaponry by guiding member states towards implementing national, regional, and international measures to curtail the trading. The United Nations also takes actions within Somalia which combat the misuse of small arms and weaponry trade. This is known as United Mission Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM), which supports efforts nationwide to limit or eliminate the illicit trading of small arms and weaponry. The nation state of Somalia looks forward to working with other nations to create a system or committee that strives to preserve national identity and sovereignty while also combating the illicit trade of firearms and light weapons. | |
| Country: | South Africa |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Outer Space has become congested, contested, and expansive. With over 20,000 objects orbiting the
earth, this concerns cosmic collisions. Also, the expansion of non-state actors in space is a growing
concern with the industry expecting to grow to 944 billion USD in 2033. This raises concerns for the
unregulated cooperation between non-state actors and governmental bodies. South Africa recognizes
these challenges but also realizes how space can be used to improve upon scientific research and
socio-economic development. Overall, outer space is a powerful resource available to governmental
bodies and non-state actors, but without the norms, rules, and principles changing to adapt to new
challenges, the international community risks magnified threats and the peaceful use of outer space.
South Africa has created its own space agency and worked with African Unions to improve upon our own resources, but also generating a stable and peaceful space community. South Africa created the South African National Space Agency in 2010 in order to strengthen the cooperation of space-related activities and foster research in space science. The Agency’s main focus is on Earth observations, space science, space engineering, and space operations. South Africa is also a member of the African Union Commission which produced an African Space Policy Document highlighting the principles for effective space programs which best fit the needs for the African Continent. In the document, the Commission lists two policy goals. The first is a well-coordinated space program responsible for the needs of the continent but also being globally competitive. The second is developing a regulatory framework that supports an African space program a responsible and peaceful use of space. With the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space being voluntary in nature, South Africa supports transforming the guidelines into more structured legal frameworks over time. With new technologies like lasers and potential threats like space debris becoming a problem, South Africa supports the establishment of principles regarding these problems which can become international law over time. Making sure that both governmental bodies and non-state actors are a part of the new principles regarding these issues is of utmost importance, to benefit both parties. South Africa believes to bolster international space law with emerging technologies requires the Outer Space Treaty to have a 5-year revision similar to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, there is a review of the operations of the treaty every 5 years. South Africa imagines a similar set-up with the Outer Space Treaty to be beneficial for new emerging space threats. As to the matter of non-state agents, creating a framework for legislation developed by the United Nations as it comes to private entities and international norms. This can be beneficial as the legislation can combat the unregulated nature of private entities in space. This allows for member states to follow international standards when updating their own laws as it pertains to private entities and space. UN-SPIDER has been an excellent resource for global access to disaster management as it pertains to space. South Africa believes access to UN-SPIDER’s data should be linked with the following of international space norms, while allowing support for developing countries to match these standards. South Africa envisions a future where space-based information like UN-SPIDER helps to contribute to sustainable development and peace. South Africa confirms its commitment to a more peaceful and sustainable future for outer space. With acknowledging both governmental bodies and non-state actors in treaty proposals and strengthening the cooperation of space agencies in both developed and developing nations, Member states can ensure that outer space is a peaceful, innovative, and equitable place. | |
| Country: | South Africa |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The issue of illicit small trading, which plagues many members of the United Nations, has been
addressed on numerous occasions by this governance, though despite efforts to eradicate the issue, it is
still ever prevalent. The General Assembly First Committee recognizes the concern associated with the
mass-scale black market of civilian-held firearms and is actively pursuing options to limit the flow of
unregulated guns and other munitions over international borders. The focus of the United Nations’ efforts
related to civilian firearms is to reduce the trafficking of undocumented handheld weaponry and to
prevent legally acquired firearms from being lost to the underground market. In 2001 on the UN’s war on
was crucially amplified during the Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All
Its Aspects. This conference established the Program of Action to Prevent, Combat, and Eradicate the
Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapon, which works to provide “a comprehensive framework for
national regulation, international cooperation, and capacity-building to combat the illicit trade and misuse
of these weapons, which continue to fuel armed violence and instability in many parts of the world”
(United Nations, 2025). The establishment of this vital committee represented the official beginning of
combative action on arms trafficking, and it was succeeded by the formal enactment of the Firearms
Protocol, which is an obligatory countermeasure used to persecute illicit arms manufacturers and
traffickers and reduce the overall effects of the illegal weapon market. This protocol “provides for a
framework for States to control and regulate licit arms and arms flows, prevent their diversion into the
illegal circuit, facilitate the investigation and prosecution of related offences without hampering legitimate
transfers” (United Nations, n.d.). Reducing the immense flow of illicit firearms and diminishing illegal
arms manufacturers is an ongoing mission of the United Nations, and the General Assembly First
Committee is committed to furthering efforts to eradicate the issue.
Throughout recent years, the delegation of South Africa has been involved with and proposed actions to further the United Nations’ interest in reducing illegal firearms trade and to persecute those associated with the manufacturing and trafficking of said arms. In 2025, the nation of South Africa hosted a workshop that pledged a commitment to improve cooperation among African nations to counteract the black market of civilian weaponry as well as to promote gender responsive arms control. In this workshop, the South African delegation expressed the disproportionate effects that illegal firearms have on the African region and the importance of regional international collaboration to effectively persecute arms traffickers. Additionally, South Africa supported the stance that there must be “national efforts to integrate gender into small arms control, including awareness campaigns and policy reforms to curb gender-based violence and insecurity” (United Nations , 2025). This workshop demonstrated South Africa’s involvement with the illegal firearms issue and introduced a new aspect, that being gender responsiveness, and contributed greatly to the UN’s mission of eventually eliminating illegal arms dealing. Continuing the global discussion of how to resolve the ongoing issue of illicit arms trafficking, it is the official position of the nation of South Africa that international cooperation and formal regulation are critical. Following the establishment First Conference of States Parties to the Arms Trade Treaty, South African officials issued the following statement: “South Africa believes that the Treaty will, by regulating the legal trade in conventional weapons, seek to combat the illicit trade in these weapons, which exacerbates conflict and crime, especially in Africa” (The Arms Trade Treaty). This statement powerfully marks the opinion of the South African delegation on the importance of cooperation and litigation to mitigate civilian firearms trafficking. The nation of South Africa believes that it is of the utmost importance promoting gender -responsiveness to illegal firearm violence. This delegation recognizes that women, though they make up less than 20% of all legal and illegal firearm ownership they are disproportionately affected by gun violence (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2025). This delegation deems the lack of gender consideration in the global conversation about disarmament and arms trafficking to be unacceptable and recognizes the importance of this issue. Having established the position of the Nation of South Africa and its emphasis on collaboration and gender-responsiveness, this delegation would like to propose a resolution to require all member nations to integrate gender-responsiveness analysis into their disarmament strategies and to additionally require them to report gender-responsive statistics in their reporting to the Office of Disarmament. This action would promote awareness of the disproportionate violence caused to women because of illegal weaponry and force internal national agencies to allocate resources specific to gender-responsiveness. This delegation would also like to propose the establishment of a new digital directory of disarmament research that nations must report to periodically. Currently, there is no set obligation of a nation to report critical findings on the flow of illegal firearms and their effects, or a set schedule for when data must be provided. This new directory would require all member nations to publish their findings biannually, thus ensuring all nations have reliable access to research of other members that can be used to improve combative efforts. Additionally, as part of this reporting, nations would be required to include gender statistics mandated by South Africa’s first proposed resolution. The establishment of an improved digital directory would allow for better collaboration in the effort to reduce illegal arms trading and promote research and findings related to the issue of gender responses. Overall, the proposed resolutions to promote gender-responsiveness and create an improved data directory would greatly improve the cooperation of member nations in fighting the effects of illegal arms trafficking and mitigating the capacity for the illegal arms market. | |
| Country: | Spain |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Kingdom of Spain understands that lasting international peace is heavily dependent on global disarmament. Spain recognizes that reducing nuclear and conventional weapons is needed to thwart future conflicts and build global peace. Based on diplomacy, Spain is firmly committed to promoting disarmament at all levels. Spain is truly a supporter of the global disarmament plan and is a State Party to significant treaties. These include the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). It also upholds the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). Spain actively advocates for the widespread implementation of the ATT and the implementation of the PoA to inhibit arms trafficking Domestically, Spain is one of the EU’s strictest arms export control systems through the inter-ministerial Board on Foreign Trade of Defense and Dual-Use Material (JIMDDU). This is to ensure compliance with humanitarian laws. Regionally, Spain is in collaboration with the EU and NATO to strengthen transparency and to prevent future arms races. Overall, its participation in UN peacekeeping is a testament to its deep commitment to diplomacy-based peace. Spain’s key priorities include: 1. Advancing multilateral treaties by prioritizing universal ratification and supporting a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT). 2. Enhancing transparency and verification in arms reporting under UN supervision. 3. Strengthening global cooperation to address emerging threats such as autonomous weapons and cyber warfare. 4. Integrating disarmament into sustainable development, emphasizing that military spending diverts vital resources from human progress. Spain reaffirms that genuine security is built on dialogue and cooperation, not armament. | |
| Country: | Spain |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Spain reaffirms its commitment to multilateralism and the rule-based international order as the foundation for shared peace and prosperity. The illicit circulation of small arms and light weapons fuels instability, depravity, and humanitarian crises. Spain supports robust international assistance to states in tracing, collecting, and dismantling illicit arms flows, including capacity- building, information-sharing, end-user verification, and public transparency of cross-border transfers. Spain further insists on strict adherence to licensing regimes and denial of arms to actors implicated in grave human rights violations. Spain views disarmament as a driver of development. Diverting national resources from armament to economic, social, and scientific investments advances security more durably than military competition. Energy research, food security, and health innovation must replace escalatory weapons programs. Diplomacy, not force, should resolve disputes. As an EU Member State and firm supporter of international law in outer space, Spain calls for codified norms and principles of responsible behavior to reduce emerging space threats and preserve space for exclusively peaceful purposes. Entering a new era, Spain urges all states to choose transparency, restraint, and cooperation, building a legacy of stability and human advancement rather than renewed cycles of armed confrontation. | |
| Country: | Sri Lanka |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| All nations have an obligation to protect the planet from potential threats, especially in
regards to space, as any harm to the Earth's atmosphere is a harm to all humans. Disasters
caused by unregulated corporations, governments, and organizations in regards to artificial
satellites in space is a severe threat to all Member States. Threats produced by unregulated and
harmful space activities will disproportionately harm developing states, especially
environmentally. Sri Lanka is committed to ensuring the safety of small and developing states
from potential dangers unregulated space actions will have on the environment and humanity as
a whole.
Despite its small size on a world scale, Sri Lanka has contributed significantly to developments in the space sector, mainly highlighted by the first satellite Sri Lanka launched into space in 2019 (Raavana-1). Sri Lanka has also signed onto many treaties to mitigate space threats, such as the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention. These treaties have committed signatories to maintain space exploration for solely peaceful purposes, forbidding any one nation from claiming space as its own territory. They have also contributed to holding corporations liable for the damage caused by corporations or governments, but these may not be enough for the ever- developing nature of space law. To prevent the future destruction of life on Earth and the environment, Sri Lanka recommends states to cooperate in developing a framework to hold corporations and governments accountable for actions in space, while not hindering the development of states and science in general. Specific actions that Sri Lanka wishes to contribute to building a sustainable space framework include: ensuring space remains unmilitarized by any state (space militarization would endanger international security and significantly increase threats to all states; this includes the prevention of anti-satellite missiles and attacks on another state's satellites), the safe destruction of defunct/inoperative satellites to prevent dangers to the environment from negligent disposal, the creation of a limit on how many satellites one state (or corporation) is allowed to release into space, and to promote communication between all states to improve international collaboration through satellite data. One action that Sri Lanka is looking forward to collaborating with other Member States on during the conference is what exactly this framework would look like, and what steps need to be taken to improve these ideas to ensure national sovereignty is not overlooked. Sri Lanka is also looking forward to diplomatically engaging with other states to develop a better understanding of how corporations could be held accountable, especially with the current international scale of many corporations. | |
| Country: | Sri Lanka |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Sri Lanka is committed to the prevention of illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, highlighting the large negative impact SALW have had on Sri Lankan society. Around the world, illicit trade in SALW has contributed to destruction resulting from an increase in political violence and conflict zones. In Sri Lanka, trafficking of small arms and light weapons has contributed significantly to deaths and violence caused by insurgent groups and terrorist organizations. Furthermore, increased political violence in Sri Lanka has necessitated political leaders arming themselves and seeking the protection of bodyguards, and the state has given small arms and light weapons to these individuals to defend against potential threats. However, there is little accountability after politicians or body guards leave their office, contributing significantly to the trafficking of SALW. Previous attempts to limit the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons has come in the form of the Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons, a global organization that has created a framework to combat the effects of proliferation of SALW. The Programme of Action collects data based on reports submitted by Member States, but only relatively large States have the resources to consecutively report on these issues, so the creation of a more inclusive framework would be ideal for Sri Lanka and other small States. Furthermore, a major hindering factor on combatting SALW trafficking is a lack of cooperation between States, as border insecurity leads to criminal organizations easily bypassing customs enforcement. Overall, Sri Lanka will promote a framework that includes measures to combat organized crime, comprehensive surrender of SALW by politicians/bodyguards after their service is over, and inclusion of small States in tracking measures to prevent the worldwide destruction that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons has caused. | |
| Country: | State of Palestine (Observer) |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Palestine recognizes the growing importance of regulation needed for advancements made into space. While advances in technology can lead to benefits for humankind across the globe, without good common practice this could lead to further destruction. The overall rise in space debris can make advancements into space for other developing countries more difficult, and overtime, which would reduce their ability to advance and compete with other nations. Additionally, advances in communication and warfare could become detrimental to nations and civilian populations that do not have similar access to these technologies, as we have seen throughout history. This could lead to further conflict and the oppression of marginalized groups and more disrupted nation-states. Palestine fully supports the development of norms, rules and principles aiming at the reduction in space threats. That way it can protect its populace from more invasive external intelligence gathering (without our consent), and devastation from its aggressors with their drone technology. Palestine calls on the international community to acknowledge the same potential dangers and to enact legislation through agreed upon peaceful principles. We propose strengthening the regulation that came from the Registration Convention of 1976 which requires nations that launch objects into space to register them. This action will monitor the amount of space debris closer to allow for future expansion. In addition, Palestine proposes expanding the consequences of the Space Liability Convention of 1972 to address intended damage more specifically and widen the scope of damage to include any civilian or military interference. | |
| Country: | State of Palestine (Observer) |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Palestine has been devastated by a long history of conflict, and this is in no small part to the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons. Civilian populations are often the most harmed by these illicit arms which are used by nefarious groups to enact violence and oppression. Regions like Latin America, Eastern Europe, regions of Africa and the Middle East are most affected by these weapons. These weapons mostly originate from advanced nations and Palestine calls on these nations to do what they are dutied to do in halting the spread of weapons to these already violent and devastated areas. Increased security and investigation from all powers that have the capacity, should be tracing the origin and the spread of these weapons and working with other nations to halt this illegal network. Palestine envisions a more protected and peaceful world especially for nations that are developing and its civilian population. We call on nations that manufacture these weapons as well as those that are affected by the violence they cause to develop concrete actions that will lead to the safety and security of the globe. Palestine calls for action to improve stockpile management from nations with large amounts of weapons. To enhance border security especially with countries bordering high violence areas. Lastly, to improve the tracing of weapon transfers between countries with the goal of decreasing the usage of these weapons as illicit transfers to nefarious groups. | |
| Country: | Sudan |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Sudan reaffirms its enduring commitment to the peaceful use of outer space and supports global efforts to reduce space threats through the development of norms, rules, and principles of responsible conduct. As a signatory of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, Sudan firmly opposes the weaponization of space and advocates for equitable access to space technologies for all nations. It views outer space as a global commons that must remain free from conflict, militarization, and exclusion, ensuring that its exploration and utilization are conducted solely for peaceful purposes and the benefit of all humankind. Sudan has consistently endorsed United Nations resolutions that promote transparency, build mutual trust, and prevent an arms race in outer space. Notably, it supported the establishment and continuation of the Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) on reducing space threats in 2022 and 2023, recognizing it as a vital platform for inclusive dialogue and the development of responsible norms of behavior. These actions reflect Sudan’s enduring belief in multilateralism and its strong commitment to cooperative space governance under the United Nations framework. Sudan also underscores the need for responsible behaviors in orbit, including the mitigation of space debris, the exchange of information on space activities, and the avoidance of any actions that could create long-lasting hazards or increase mistrust among nations. Furthermore, Sudan emphasizes that equitable participation in space activities is essential to ensuring that outer space remains a domain of peaceful cooperation, scientific advancement, and sustainable development for all Member States. Sudan calls on all nations to uphold responsible conduct, share best practices, and engage in transparent dialogue to reduce risks and build trust. It stands ready to collaborate with the international community to safeguard the future of outer space for all humanity. | |
| Country: | Sudan |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Acknowledging past and ongoing challenges in our region, Sudan views the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons in all its aspects as a regional, national, and global concern. The illicit trade of small arms and light weapons is a threat to international peace and security. The uncontrolled trade leads to violence and destabilizes communities. Sudan has dealt with a long history of armed conflicts and humanitarian crises that are still plaguing the country. It recognizes the impact of violence that is facilitated by the illegal trade of weapons. The consequences of illegally trading weapons are vast, and Sudan is currently experiencing those consequences. Innocent civilians are paying the price of the violence that stems from the wrong hands having easy access to weapons. In Sudan, the accessibility to weapons that comes from foreign support to rebel forces has led to brutal crimes, sexual violence, kidnapping, and murders. Around 12.5 million are displaced, and more than 50,000 have been killed since April 15, 2023, when conflict broke out between the Sudanese Armed Forces and rebel forces. Sudan's suffering is largely fueled by outside sources that have made it difficult to solve or at least minimize the conflict. With the United Arab Emirates supplying weapons and support to rebel forces, among other international actors that have taken sides. The involvement of foreign influence through supplying small arms, light weapons, and military influence has enabled the crisis in Sudan. Weak laws, borders, and systems allow these arms and weapons to fall into the hands of non-government actors like criminal groups and militias. Therefore, we reaffirm our commitment to adopting a comprehensive and coordinated approach to regulating laws related to small arms and light weapons, assisting affected areas and civilians, and promoting peaceful resolutions. | |
| Country: | Switzerland |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Switzerland is against the militarization of space and remains committed to reducing
space threats through maintaining transparency and responsibility in our space activities.
The technological and geopolitical landscape has changed significantly since the “Outer
Space Treaty” entered into force in 1967, and we believe that additional measures must
be taken to ensure that the use of space is reserved for peaceful purposes only. We
support the encouragement of the further development of norms, rules, and principles
regarding outer space in General Assembly resolution 79/22 towards this goal.
Switzerland has been a member of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space since 2008. There, we called for steps to be taken to ensure that armed conflicts do not extend to outer space and supported efforts to prevent the proliferation of anti-satellite and space-to-ground weapons. We further advocate for legally binding agreements to prevent the use of force against space systems and the placing of weapons in orbit. Our main concern is that the lack of definition of space and the overall inadequacy of international space law serves as a roadblock to a permanent solution. Current treaties only ban the placement of weapons of mass destruction in space, with no restrictions on other weapons or methods of interference. Furthermore, these laws are ill-suited for dealing with private actors. We are also interested in taking additional measures to ensure the sustainable use of space, as increasing debris has the potential to damage critical space-based systems used for humanitarian purposes. We hope to collaborate with member states to establish further a mutually beneficial common set of global norms and rules to ensure the peaceful and sustainable use of outer space, towards the development of legally binding international frameworks, to address these concerns. | |
| Country: | Switzerland |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Switzerland is committed to bringing an end to the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons
(SALWs). Over the past three decades, the use of SALWs in violent conflict has skyrocketed and
these weapons have become the leading cause of death and injury. Of the 49 major violent
conflicts that have erupted since 1990, SALWs have been utilized in 46. The large-scale death and
destruction that has stemmed from the proliferation of the illicit trade in SALWs proves that it is
imperative that this committee work to find immediate and effective solutions.
We have worked diligently to contribute to the global effort to address this matter. We campaign for improved marking of arms for registration as well as safer storage of ammunition to reduce the risk of diversion from legal channels to illegal trade. We advocate for improved research into the trade of SALWs, supporting research programmes such as the Small Arms Survey in order to prioritize a facts-based approach to policy making. As a founder of the Ammunition Advisory Team (AMAT), an international support mechanism, we are leading an initiative to provide technical advice and training to equip states with long-term expertise in ammunition management. We aim to build stronger consensus on specific measures the international community can take to reduce these threats. We are advocating for the prioritization of safe arms practices, including increasing attention to the storage and tracking of ammunition for weapons. We also hope to encourage delegations to contribute further research into the trade of SALWs so that we can continue to adapt and provide new solutions to a changing problem. Switzerland is confident that this committee can produce positive work on this topic and hopes to work with all Member States who share our commitment to ensuring the safety of all global citizens. | |
| Country: | Syrian Arab Republic |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| For decades the Syrian Arab Republic has stood in the center of the West Asian sub continent
as a pillar of civilization and multi cultural vibrance. The Syrian Arab Republic, while a young
state has remerged on the global stage from a violent civil war as a forward thinking
progressive state eager to join the global community. And as we reassess our priorities,
values, and concerns we must recognize the pressing matter of security in space. The late
20th century has seen countless states taking broad steps into the galaxy with both machine
and man. And as we turn our aspirations to the stars a genuine consideration must be made
of what threats from the cosmos and from earth face our states.
The United Nations has asserted that for us to address the rise of threats from space we must agree upon rules and norms that reflect our aspirations in this uncharted territory. The Syrian Arab Republic stands by the belief that all states regardless of economic or military power should be included and respected in this demand. The right for humanity to benefit from space and that no territorial claims can ever be made in this jurisdiction is paramount. This also includes the construction and stationing of nuclear armaments or weapons of mass destruction on any celestial body. Therefore any construction or maintenance of stations, satellites, or colonies should be done with only peaceful intentions. States should take full responsibility for actions or conflicts that may arise in this new frontier in order to mitigate conflicts. These laws should first and foremost be upheld by our norms rather than punitive action on the part of the U.N. or member states. For in space the aspiration to go where no man has gone before should be prime above all. | |
| Country: | Syrian Arab Republic |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Syrian Arab Republic recognizes that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons represents one of the most persistent and destabilizing threats to international peace, security, and sustainable development. Having experienced the catastrophic consequences of uncontrolled weapons flows during years of conflict, Syria understands how the widespread availability of these arms empowers terrorist organizations, fuels transnational crime, and undermines national unity and legitimate governance. The transitional government, led by President Ahmed al-Sharaa, is therefore undertaking comprehensive reforms to restore the exclusive authority of the State over all weapons and to eliminate unauthorized armed groups. Syria further supports the strengthening of regional information-sharing networks and the establishment of joint border monitoring centers, particularly through cooperation with neighboring states and relevant UN agencies such as UNODA and INTERPOL, to curb arms smuggling routes and improve transparency. The Government advocates enhanced international cooperation on marking, record-keeping, and tracing mechanisms, alongside stricter verification of end-user certificates to prevent diversion to non-state actors. Furthermore, Syria emphasizes that all collective measures must uphold national sovereignty, non-interference, and the inherent right of every State to acquire, manufacture, and retain arms for legitimate self-defense, as guaranteed under the Charter of the United Nations. Domestically, Syria is modernizing its arms legislation, strengthening customs and border controls, and developing a comprehensive national database to ensure accountability in the lawful trade and possession of small arms. | |
| Country: | Türkiye |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Türkiye seeks to collaborate with all member states on the globally shared mission to establish norms and regulations for reducing space threats. Türkiye is an emerging power in the realm of space, aiming to become one of the world’s leading programs by 2030. With a brand new space program established in 2022, Türkiye is able to clearly understand all perspectives of space exploration. Türkiye understands the importance of unrestricted exploration of space for peaceful purposes, as well as ensuring that space exploration benefits the well-being of all member states. Türkiye works to independently develop space capabilities inside the country, as well as continuing strong international cooperation to further promote peace. Türkiye firmly believes that the realm of space offers countless opportunities for the development of humankind. Scientific research, universal exploration, and technological advancements are prominent in the future of Türkiye, as well as the entire world. The Open- Ended Working Group regarding Reducing Space Threats Through Norms, Rules and Principles of Responsible Behaviours (OEWG) has been able to provide an appropriate foundation of norms and regulations for the use of space. Türkiye is a member of the OEWG and encourages all member states to adhere to and comply with its recommendations. UN resolution 76/231 reaffirms and strengthens the principles of OEWG, and should be the opening ground for further cooperation and discussion under the umbrella of the First Committee. Türkiye signed and sponsored multiple other agreements and resolutions regarding this topic as well. Some of the most important resolutions Türkiye is part of include the Outer Space Treaty (1967), the Rescue Agreement (1968), the Registration Convention (1976), and the Moon Agreement (1984). All of the agreements above are the foundation on which Türkiye wishes to build and pursue further collaboration among member states of this committee. Space should be a weapons-free area, used solely for scientific exploration for the benefit of humankind. Efforts to militarize and weaponize space should be condemned, and Türkiye extends its hand to aid this committee and the United Nations in our efforts to maintain a peaceful universe. | |
| Country: | Türkiye |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Türkiye recognizes the large threat posed by illicit trade in small arms and light weapons. This issue affects international peace, stability, security, and development. With the nation of Türkiye being geographically located between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, we recognize the need to combat illicit weapons and trade as a crucial crossroad between the three regions. The presence of illicit light weapons inside the borders of Türkiye is an imminent challenge to its ability to maintain a peaceful environment in the region. Out of the 40 million civilian arms, 36 million consist of unlicensed weapons in the country. With 90% of firearms being illicit, this issue remains significant and larger than it is in most countries. Therefore, Türkiye is committed to the global effort to minimize the threat of illicit weapons and trade and the resulting violence. Türkiye is a signatory to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), as well as the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). Türkiye has actively participated in past conventions to fight this issue, including the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). Türkiye believes that previous negotiations and treaties implemented must be reinforced and strengthened to promote further cooperation. In order to prevent the illicit transfer and trade of conventional weapons and technology goods. Türkiye has been part of the Wassenaar Agreement (WA) since 1996, and believes that similar collaborative measures are necessary for a safer, more secure world. Cooperation and transparency are the cornerstones on which the Republic of Türkiye is conducting its foreign affairs. Those values are expected to be upheld by the member states of this committee to create a fruitful arena for negotiations and real developments on that issue. | |
| Country: | Thailand |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The establishment of “Norms, Rules, and Principles of Responsible Behaviours” are vital in reducing space threats. While the space sector remains widely unknown, increased space interests at a rapid rate makes the need for such guidelines more essential. In 2023, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 78/20 that recommits international actors to work to maintain security in outer space. Moreover, the resolution aims at addressing anti-satellite missile tests (ASAT’s), intentional destruction of satellites, and “rendezvous operations and proximity operations that could increase the risk of misunderstanding and miscalculation” and encourages the continuation of discussion of norms, rules and responsible behaviour as it relates to space security. The resolution also points out the need to support a new open- ended working group (OEWG) in Geneva from 2025–2026. In 1967, the Kingdom of Thailand signed the UN’s Outer Space Treaty agreeing to conduct all space activities exclusively for peaceful purposes and to avoid the placement of weapons of mass destruction in orbit. This longstanding commitment reflects the Kingdom of Thailand’s belief in maintaining international stability and peace in an era of technological competition. The Kingdom of Thailand has an increasing interest in space as demonstrated through the National Space Master Plan of 2023-2027, in an effort to bolster space research. In December 2022, in cohorts with the United Nation’s Office of Outer Space Affairs, we developed a Thailand Technical Advisory workshop in order to further education on space treaties and space law. As we aspire to continue pursuits in outer space it is vital to build up cooperation through the means of shared community guidelines. As a member of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, we assert the need for transparency and state cooperation. As a developing nation with growing space interests, the Kingdom of Thailand reaffirms its commitment to the upcoming Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) sessions in Geneva (2025–2026) as we find it ever more important to continue discussion on space practices. We do believe that such discussions on norms, rules and responsible behaviour are gateways to legally binding agreements on how to uphold these practices. Additionally, in agreement with Resolution 78/20’s emphasis on preventing orbital debris, the Kingdom of Thailand supports expanding the international commitment to refrain from debris-generating ASAT tests.The Kingdom of Thailand also understands the need for transparency and need for state disclosure of upcoming satellite launches or operations to reduce misinterpretations. We believe that such measures can foster a collaborative environment eliminating contention and ensuring trust and security in outer space. | |
| Country: | Thailand |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The Kingdom of Thailand recognizes that the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW) poses a direct threat to regional stability, human security, and sustainable development —undermining rule of law, fueling organized crime and cross-border violence in Southeast Asia. Thailand remains committed to multilateral frameworks, having signed the Arms Trade Treaty and repeatedly affirmed support for the UN Programme of Action, while actively participating in regional capacity-building efforts and PoA implementation dialogues. Domestically, illicit flows and diversion risks (risks that illicit weapons will be re-routed to unauthorized users) manifest through porous borders, weak points in stock pile management and gaps in financial controls which can be exploited for procurement—challenges reflected in UNODOC and regional analyses and recent national reviews which underline the need to tighten anti-money-laundering safeguards. Thailand’s past efforts—workshops, interagency task forces and cooperation with UNRCPD/UNODA to draft and strengthen a national action plan—have improved interagency coordination but reveal persistent technical and resource shortfalls (marking/tracing, forensic capacity, customs interdiction) that limit full effectiveness. Therefore, as chair and member states deliberate next steps in First Committee, Thailand proposes (1) accelerating national ratification and full implementation of the ATT’s standards while aligning PoA reporting and national legislation; (2) targeted capacity-building and financing for stockpile security, marking and tracing, and forensic ballistic systems; (3) strengthening AML/CFT cooperation and customs intelligence to block financial and logistical channels; and (4) a regionally coordinated ASEAN-UN programme to support technical assistance, information sharing, and joint interdiction operations—measures we judge both practical and proportional to reduce diversion, protect civilians, and enhance collective security. | |
| Country: | Tunisia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The first topic, reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours, is a subject of paramount importance. The role of space in the world economy is vast and cannot be understated, supporting many of the technologies we take for granted today. It is therefore important to all people that we protect and maintain the orbits around earth, keeping them free of debris and collisions. In order to protect these orbits, Tunisia has proposed a “Space Debris Footprint”, not all too dissimilar to a carbon footprint, which tracks missions, satellites, and their left over clutter. It would track this footprint by nation, including also private ventures, to evaluate the impact of missions and use this knowledge to react accordingly. | |
| Country: | Tunisia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The second topic, the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects, is an issue that Tunisia is all too familiar with. Positioned on the Mediterranean at the far north of Africa, Tunisia sits in an area where armed conflict is common. Since the revolution in 2011 the illicit arms trade has only worsened. In may of this year Tunisia made very clear it's position on the issue saying, ”Tunisia affirms its commitment to all international and regional conventions on arms control, disarmament…”, and going as far as to suggest, “the development of regional mechanisms to exchange information on arms trafficking networks.” Tunisia is deeply committed to curbing the illicit arms trade through international cooperation, and policy. | |
| Country: | Ukraine |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Ukraine has a long history in sponsoring and promoting resolutions to reduce threats in space, including but not limited to weapons of mass destruction, space debris, and arms of all forms. From our nation’s participation in the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) since 1994, to co-sponsoring proposals A/RES/76/231 and A/RES/78/20, each entitled “Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours” in 2021 and 2023, respectively, Ukraine has demonstrated a consistent dedication to the cause of increased regulations and norms promoting international safety from space-bound threats. It is important to acknowledge and state Ukraine’s appreciation this body and the entire international community in their efforts to preserve the upper atmosphere and beyond as a peaceful domain for cooperation. These efforts have been key in promoting transparency between nations, building confidence among the global public, and allowing members of the United Nations to share in accountability towards one another and the Earth itself. The tangible steps taken towards preserving space as such (for instance, the reduction of debris-generating activities) have been an absolutely appropriate start, but there is still much work to be done. Safety and security in and from threats in space are not far-off or hypothetical concerns, but are instead standing on our front step, pounding on our door. Space has become weaponized, and the continued testing of destructive, anti-satellite military technologies are not only immediate, but growing threats to international safety. These activities and arms jeopardize the development of communication, navigation, and disaster-response systems which are routed through satellites in sub- and near-space. For this reason, the delegation of Ukraine calls upon all member states to treat this matter with the same urgency as would be devoted to any terrestrial matter of international security. It is the responsibility and duty of this assembly to organize, promote and sponsor collaboration between nations and non-state actors to ensure the continued safety and tranquility of space. Ukraine would take this opportunity to call upon the delegations assembled here today to reaffirm their dedication to the reduction of threats in space through shared accountability and responsible behavior. We the delegation of Ukraine seek a unilateral approach which upholds and protects the spirit of the Treaty on Principals Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (the Outer Space Treaty) to ensure safe global development, while enshrining the principles of security, sustainability and collaboration. | |
| Country: | Ukraine |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit trade and diversion of small arms and light weapons poses a direct and immediate threat to and a grave concern for Ukraine. The ongoing conflict Ukraine finds itself in has intensified criminal trade of these small arms and humanitarian harm. For the delegation of Ukraine, addressing this issue is not only a matter of national defense, but an essential paving stone en route to achieving this body’s Sustainable Development Goal 16 on peace, justice and strong institutions. Should the proliferation of these arms remain unchecked, disarmament efforts will continue to be undermined, violence will continue to be fueled, and regional stability throughout Eastern Europe and beyond will continue to be threatened. Ukraine continues in its staunch advocacy for the international framework developed to combat the illicit trade of arms in all capacities, particularly that expressed in the 2001 Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (PoA) and the 2005 International Tracing Instrument (ITI). Ukraine reaffirms its commitment to General Assembly resolution A/RES/79/40 (2024) and urges the assembled nations to strengthen interstate cooperation and implement PoA and ITI to their fullest extent. Finally, Ukraine calls upon Member States to revitalize and intensify international collaboration to prevent, detect, and eradicate the flow of illicit weapons across international borders and through international waters and airspace. | |
| Country: | United Arab Emirates |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Outer space has become essential for communication, navigation, climate monitoring, and global security. However, the increasing number of retired satellites and space debris, as well as the potential militarization of space, pose threats to the long-term sustainability of space activities. With a lack of comprehensive international regulations, states are at risk of polluting space, misunderstandings, and conflict due to space activity. The United Arab Emirates strongly supports reducing space threats through the establishment of norms, rules, and principles of responsible behavior. All member states involved in space activities shall adhere to international law and participate actively in UN forums related to space activities and threats. The UAE believes that transparency, communication, and sustainability are essential for reducing risks. The UAE proposes the following measures to promote responsible behavior and reduce space threats: developing a global plan for responsible behavior and establishing a UN-endorsed set of accepted norms/comprehensive plan that outlines responsible conduct in space. The UAE also proposes enhancing transparency and communication by encouraging member states to share information on satellite launches and potential risks through international databases and systems, thereby preventing accidents and misinterpretation of intent. The last proposal promotes space sustainability and debris management by supporting research and technology for debris removal, retired satellite plans, and sustainable design standards for new spacecraft, and encourages member states to develop new solutions to space pollution and explore new methods for waste disposal. The United Arab Emirates reaffirms its commitment to ensuring that outer space remains a domain of peace, cooperation, and shared progress. The UAE stands ready to work with all nations to advance this vision. | |
| Country: | United Arab Emirates |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons continues to threaten international peace, security, and development. Unregulated arms flows fuel conflict, crime, and terrorism, and human rights abuses, especially in unstable regions. Despite international work, the global trade in illicit weapons remains a significant challenge due to weak border control, limited capacity to enforce, and a lack of transparency. The UAE recognizes the humanitarian and security implications of the illicit arms trade. The UAE strongly supports international efforts to combat the illegal trade of small arms and light weapons. While international laws currently exist, along with many national agencies that work towards stopping the trade of prohibited weapons, it is not enough. The UAE emphasizes that addressing the illicit arms trade requires collective action, effective communication, and capacity building, particularly in regions affected by conflict and instability. The UAE proposes the following measures to reduce illicit trade in small arms and light weapons: strengthening international cooperation and communication by establishing a global database for tracing and identifying illicit arms, supported by regional coordination and collaboration. The UAE also proposes enhancing border security and customs capacity by providing technical and financial assistance to states with limited resources to strengthen border management and train customs officers in arms detection. The UAE reaffirms its commitment to ending the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons. Through stronger international cooperation, improved transparency, and shared technology, the UAE believes the global community can make significant progress toward a safer and more stable world. | |
| Country: | United Kingdom |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The United Kingdom strongly believes that development and disarmament are
complementary pillars of international security. Uncontrolled arms proliferation drains
scarce resources away from education, health care, and infrastructure. A development
investment into human dignity and sustainable development. Through the reduction of
weapons expenditure by military retrenchment and disarmament, the world is able to
reallocate resources into poverty reduction, technology advancement, and adaptation to
shared threats such as climate change and hunger.
To these purposes, the United Kingdom urges states to integrate disarmament into their development plans with urgency. We also lay particular stress on ensuring good governance, transparency, and the rule of law, since on these foundations security and prosperity are built. The United Kingdom is strong in its support of peacebuilding interventions, post- conflict reconstruction, and DDR programs, particularly in those post-conflict areas. With humanity at a crossroads, the United Kingdom invites all nations to invest in diplomacy over division, and cooperation over confrontation. Let us channel the brilliance that was once spent on developing tools of war into ending the problems at hand. The search for disarmament is not the reduction of arms; it is empowering mankind. | |
| Country: | United Kingdom |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The United Kingdom is aware of the catastrophic effects of illegal trade in small arms and
light weapons (SALW) on international peace, security, and sustainable development.
Considering how this trade finances intrastate conflicts, terrorism, and international
organized crime, the proliferation of ungoverned small arms remains a danger to human life
and stability in the world.
The United Kingdom is committed to the full implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on light weapons and small arms, as well as the International Tracing Instrument (ITI). We believe that transparency, accountability, and cooperation among states are at the heart of an end to the uncontrolled transfer of arms. The United Kingdom would look favorably on a resolution that highlights capacity-building measures that enable states to further strengthen customs control, border management, and disarmament of weapons. Moreover, the United Kingdom supports greater information exchange among states and technical and financial assistance to enable all member states to achieve their international commitments under such agreements as the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). The United Kingdom also stands for responsible export controls for arms and universality of the ATT to prevent weapons from reaching individuals who abuse human rights or destabilize communities. We reaffirm our commitment to motivating our international and regional partners in a bid to stimulate disarmament efforts, foster transparency, and create lasting peace. | |
| Country: | Uzbekistan |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Outer space, once seen as a realm for scientific exploration and advancement is increasingly becoming an area of potential human conflict, a conflict that can only be resolved by the establishment of rules that all countries are expected to abide by. The United Nations has long worked toward preventing the militarization of outer space through treaties like the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which ensures that space is used for peaceful purposes for the benefit of all countries. Even now, the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) works towards ensuring that space remain free of all human conflict. The delegation of Uzbekistan, a signatory of the Outer Space Treaty, strongly believes in the purely peaceful use of outer space for only scientific and technological progress. Uzbekistan is strengthening its space capabilities through cooperation with our neighboring countries, and advocates that all states do so as well. The delegation of Uzbekistan believes that the biggest step towards reducing space threats is in the promotion of transparency. Countries should all abide by a conduct to remain transparent about their intentions with their space programs, thereby providing confidence against the proliferation of satellites for spy craft and nuclear weapons. Moreover, the delegation encourages the formation of an international policy that establishes clear norms for satellite and rocket deployment, along with the establishment of clear mechanisms for verification of these deployments. The delegation strongly vouches for the formation of an internationally abided policy that explicitly bans the production and testing of anti-satellite weapons (ASATs). Although the UN has taken action, there is still no binding policy. By completely prohibiting ASAT activities, the risk of weaponization and the production of space debris can be significantly reduced. The delegation of Uzbekistan hopes to keep outer space as a domain of peace and shared progress, rather than a region where states fight for control in an arms race. Through cooperation, let us look forward to exploration of the cosmos, ensuring that our scientific exploits of space benefit all of humankind equally. | |
| Country: | Uzbekistan |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The threat of terrorism stands at the forefront of global security, especially regarding the ability of terrorists to illicitly acquire and trade weapons. Small arms and light weapons, designed to be used by a single individual or in groups of two or three, have become choice weapons for multiple criminal organizations due to their portability, affordability and ease of concealment. The delegation of Uzbekistan realizes the great threat that these weapons pose to the lives of innocent civilians and the destruction of peace in conflict-sensitive regions. The UN has repeatedly addressed this issue through multiple initiatives, one of the biggest ones being the UN Program of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (PoA). While this incentive has led to more global communication to assess progress and identify gaps in action, its implementation largely lies on the effectiveness of national reports by Member States, which often vary in quality and consistency. The delegation of Uzbekistan believes that stronger monitoring and complete transparency of reports are essential to ensure that the commitments of the PoA are truly realized. Uzbekistan, a country facing significant security threats due to our proximity to major trafficking routes, have been working consistently towards strengthening our border security and improving customs controls. The biggest on-going concern lies in the need for more cooperation across borders, especially when it comes to customs enforcement and intelligence sharing. We strongly believe in the shared recording of any and all weapons transactions made across international borders. The delegation of Uzbekistan also strongly believes in providing assistance to developing countries to build their capacity to trace and mark the shipment of small arms, which are considerably more difficult to detect. Capacity building efforts are crucial in stopping the trade of these weapons during transport. The delegation also advocates for training programs for local law enforcement so as to further improve the efforts to confiscate illicit weapons before their entry into illegal markets. Curbing the trade of small arms and light weapons is a vital step to countering the proliferation of violent criminal organizations and terrorism, ensuring the safety and security of civilians and of sustainable peace. | |
| Country: | Venezuela |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The topics that lay before the First committee are as follows: reducing space threats through
norms, rules, and principles of responsible behaviors and the illicit trade in small arms and
light weapons. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is strongly committed to ensuring the well
being of all nations through this committee and looks forward to producing creative and
productive solutions to the problems facing this assembly.
The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela reaffirms its commitment to the peaceful, cooperative, and equitable use of outer space for the benefit of all humankind. Upholding the principles of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, Venezuela rejects the militarization and weaponization of space, warning that such actions threaten global peace and sustainable development. It supports the principle of “No Weapons in Space” and urges all nations to preserve space as a domain devoted solely to peaceful purposes. Venezuela also defends the right of all nations, particularly those of the Global South, to access and utilize outer space equally, highlighting the work of the Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities (ABAE) and its cooperative projects with partners such as China. Emphasizing responsible space behavior, Venezuela advocates for debris mitigation, sustainable practices, and the protection of Earth’s orbit. It rejects any claim of sovereignty or ownership over celestial bodies, endorsing the principle of “use without ownership” to ensure shared benefits from space resources. Furthermore, Venezuela calls for international mechanisms to aid all space missions in distress, underscoring the primacy of humanitarian values. In conclusion, Venezuela urges the United Nations and its Member States to reaffirm the peaceful use of outer space, prevent its militarization, and promote global cooperation, equity, and sustainability in this shared frontier. | |
| Country: | Venezuela |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The topics that lay before the First committee are as follows: reducing space threats
through norms, rules, and principles of responsible behaviors and the illicit trade in small arms
and light weapons. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is strongly committed to ensuring the
well being of all nations through this committee and looks forward to producing creative and
productive solutions to the problems facing this assembly.
The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela recognizes that the illicit production and trafficking of small arms and light weapons (SALW) fuel crime, empower violent non-state actors, destabilize societies, and erode the rule of law, while also undermining legitimate economic activity. Venezuela therefore supports international efforts to curb the illicit trade in SALW, emphasizing that such measures must respect each nation’s sovereign right to regulate and conduct lawful arms commerce. As a producer and exporter of ammunition, Venezuela stresses that preventing illegal trade not only enhances security but also ensures that defense exports contribute to the national economy under proper government oversight. Domestically, Venezuela enforces strict controls on civilian firearm ownership to promote public safety and reduce gun-related harm. The country advocates for cooperative, capacity-building measures such as improved marking and tracing, stronger stockpile management, enhanced border controls, intelligence-sharing, and forensic support to law enforcement. Committed to practical, multilateral action, Venezuela seeks to strengthen national legislation and engage with other Member States to develop balanced, effective frameworks that prevent illicit arms flows while upholding the sovereign rights of States to regulate, produce, and lawfully acquire arms for legitimate national purposes. | |
| Country: | Viet Nam |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Viet Nam boldly affirms support for the “The Outer Space Treaty” of 1967 which laid the groundwork for avoiding a space arms race. In recent decades there has been renewed effort to reduce space threats. Viet Nam supports the work of the “Open-ended Working Group on Reducing Space Threats through Norms, Rules and Principles of Responsible Behaviours” as established in 2022. Conventions such as this open communication channels that foster broad participation and greater global security. Viet Nam calls on other member states to actively engage in discussions that will promote agreement on norms regarding use of weapons in outer space. It is the responsibility of all to work to ensure safety and protection for developed and developing member states and Viet Nam strongly calls for increased participation among all stakeholders. | |
| Country: | Viet Nam |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Viet Nam has done much work within our own borders to ensure the restriction of illicit small arms trade, such as the 1981 passage and ensuing enforcement of the “Law on Management and Use of Weapons, Explosives and Supporting Tools.” We also recognize that many nation states have joined in support for the Arms Trade Treaty, which restricts the trade of many small arms and light weapons. Echoing concerns stated in the UN report S/2023/823 that “illicit flows of arms and ammunition in violation of arms embargoes remain a matter of grave concern,” we firmly urge the international community to embolden enforcement efforts. Existing embargoes and sanctions must incur real consequences and we call on all nation states to collaborate in this effort. | |
| Country: | Yemen |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Yemen recognizes the immense benefits that space technology can offer. Space research
and innovation should be a goal that everyone at this council can agree upon. At the same
time, Yemen is deeply concerned about the emerging threats posed by space technologies,
including the potential for space surveillance satellites to be misused for intelligence or
military purposes. As a nation that has faced challenges to regional stability, Yemen
emphasizes that space security is also a matter of international peace and security. The
misuse of satellites for spying or other aggressive purposes can create mistrust among
states and jeopardize the benefits reaped from outer space technology for all. Yemen
therefore supports the establishment of clear, binding norms and principles that ensure
transparency, responsible use, and the prevention of harmful interference with the space
assets of all nations. We believe that transparency in space operations is essential to
maintain trust among States. States should notify and share information regarding satellite
launches and the intended purpose of their missions to avoid misunderstandings. There
should also be responsible conduct regarding space surveillance. While the peaceful
observation of Earth can provide scientific and humanitarian benefits, Yemen urges that no
satellite should be used to threaten other states or collect sensitive intelligence that could
destabilize peace. In conclusion, responsible behavior in outer space is essential for
maintaining global peace and security. By promoting transparency, limiting the use of space
surveillance technologies, and agreeing on norms for responsible conduct, the international
community can ensure that outer space remains a domain for cooperation rather than
conflict. Thank you.
| |
| Country: | Yemen |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| Every bullet fired in Yemen erases the hope of our children, our families, and our future.
This undeniable fact reminds us that peace cannot coexist with the unregulated flow of
arms, yet weapons continue to reach armed groups despite Resolution 2216. Resolution
2216 was made in response to the ongoing war in Yemen. The ongoing conflict has created
one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises. Over 18.2 million people struggle to find food,
and humanitarian workers risk their lives to provide aid. As of October 31, 2025, 59
members of UN aid personnel have been kidnapped and many more have been obstructed
while delivering relief. Attacks on ships in the Red Sea have endangered international
shipping and prevented vital aid from reaching civilians. We are particularly concerned that
states such as Iran continue to supply arms to armed groups in Yemen, in violation of
international law, including UNCLOS and the basic principles of maritime security. These
illicit transfers prolong the conflict and put both Yemeni civilians and international actors at
risk. Yemen cannot face this threat alone. We call on the Security Council to fully enforce
Resolution 2216, ensuring that sanctions, arms embargoes, and travel restrictions are
applied without exception, and to consider additional measures to prevent weapons from
reaching armed groups. We urge all Member States to act decisively to protect civilians,
uphold international law, and restore peace and stability in Yemen. Thank you for your time.
| |
| Country: | Zambia |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Space exploration and laws have been in conversation for many years and Member States
have been in agreement on rules, but few have been fully implemented. The risk of
catastrophic collision is becoming prominent with more than 20,000 objects orbiting Earth. As
more Member States and private institutions continue to modernize space exploration, the
need for more regulations has become a top priority. Zambia is a party to the 1967 Outer
Space Treaty that creates the groundwork of space law and regulation on what countries
cannot put into space. The proliferation of antisatellite weapons (ASAT) and the rise in military
activity have created massive amounts of debris that leave many Member States in unsafe
climates. The push for further plans to protect space exploration and Member States' right to
space is a top priority. The Republic of Zambia believes the topic of space laws and the
regulations behind it should be better regulated and followed through with the creation of
new treaties.
Zambia has supported past resolutions made on this, including the Prevention of Arms Race in Space (PAROS) and Guidelines for long-term sustainability of outer space activities, which both emphasize cooperation of Member States along with responsibility for outer space usage. Zambia endorses its regional African Union Space Policy and Strategy (2016), which promotes the peaceful use of space within African Nations. Regardless of economic status, Zambia believes that the exploration and utilization of space must benefit all states and calls for knowledge to be shared between states contributing to space exploration and non-space exploration. Through the collaboration of the Outer Space Treaty and continuing the engagement for more collaborations and partnerships, Zambia strongly believes that the safety and normalization of peaceful space exploration of all Member States can be achieved. | |
| Country: | Zambia |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) continues to disrupt pursuits of peace and human security, as reported by the Small Arms Survey (2023) which found that 250,000 deaths annually are the result of violence caused by the trafficking of SALWs. In 2023, UN Women reported that in conflict areas, women make up roughly 40% of all indirect casualties through displacement and economic instability, which highlights the disproportionate effects of SALWs. Southern Africa has become an exchange venue for SALWs because of its proximity to conflict zones and coastal illicit trade networks. The Republic of Zambia, while not in a conflict zone, is affected by challenges of rising gender-based violence (GBV) caused by SALWs, and identifying the drivers of armed conflict in the region. Globally, Zambia remains committed to the UN Programme of Action (PoA) and has ratified the Arms Trade Treaty (2013) (ATT), which promotes responsible arms management. However, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research’s (UNIDIR) Weapons and Ammunition Management in Africa-Insight: 2024 Update found that munitions on the continent are being diverted from official stockpiles. In response, Zambia proposes a comprehensive approach that blends development and security objectives. Zambia urges Member States to expand Community-Based Disarmament Programmes through civil society and with the oversight of the UN Development Programme (UNDP). This would exchange weapons for development incentives to decrease civilian need for SALWs. To address the disproportionate effect on women and children, Zambia encourages Member States to add gender specific data to PoA national reports in accordance with Article 7 of the ATT, which highlights the link between GBV and the illicit trafficking of SALWs. Zambia also urges Member States to work with UN Women and the Control Arms Coalition (CAC) to host capacity-building workshops across SADC states. These workshops reduce the disproportionate effects of SALWs by training women in early warning systems and detection. By combining development aid and gender-responsive action, Zambia emphasises the importance of reducing armed violence and advancing humanitarian goals internationally. | |
| Country: | Zimbabwe |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| The final frontier, outer space, is an exciting venture, with a vast expanse of knowledge and technology that can be gained. Zimbabwe recognizes the potential benefits that outer space technology can provide, such as satellite monitoring technology to advance agricultural production, and weather monitoring systems to help mitigate the effects of natural disasters. With recognition comes a word of caution. The benefits that space technology provides are abundant and deserve to be accessible to all. Zimbabwe is greatly concerned about the potential misuse of outer space. Zimbabwe strongly believes outer space should remain a realm of peace and should be an equitable plane for technology and resource sharing. As of 24 January 2023, the African Space Agency was established by the African Union (AU). Through this establishment, the continent of Africa has made significant advances in the realm of outer space technology and research. However, there is still a large resource gap compared to those of other Member States. According to In of Africa (IOA), as of 2025, there were 67 satellites orbiting Earth launched by African states. 21 of which were launched by 6 southern African states. Comparatively, there were 8,877 satellites collectively launched by other states in the Starlink System alone. With such significant disparity, further space exploration poses many risks, in particular the potential for misuse of technology. There is great risk for outer space being sold to the highest bidder with the emergence of private companies attempting to monopolize space for their own purposes and interests. Zimbabwe is strongly in favor of technology and resource sharing. Zimbabwe reaffirms that outer space should be a realm of peace and not conflict or militarization. As noted in Resolution 76/231, the importance of maintaining space as a peaceful realm that is both sustainable and safe. Zimbabwe reaffirms this resolution, while calling for stronger regional frameworks and enforcement mechanisms for Member states’ national space agencies, as well as private companies that venture into space. | |
| Country: | Zimbabwe |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW) continues to pose a significant threat to international peace and security, fueling conflict, crime, and human suffering worldwide. According to the Small Arms Survey, approximately 40 million illicit firearms are in circulation in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, according to the African Development Bank, the illicit trade of small arms collectively costs States $18 billion USD annually, pulling essential funds from key areas of development, such as education, healthcare, and agricultural production. Due to the significant advancement in technologies such as 3D printing and other emerging manufacturing techniques, efforts to monitor, control and trace illicit weapons have been far more complicated. These innovations lower barriers to unauthorized firearm production, which significantly increases the risk of misuse and harm. Zimbabwe recognizes the urgency of adapting to international control mechanism to keep up with rapidly developing technologies. As a committed member of the UN Progamme of Action on SALW and a signatory to the International Tracing Instrument, Zimbabwe has taken concrete steps such as implementing a centralized firearms registry and enhancing border monitoring systems to improve the tracking and control of small arms and light weapons. Zimbabwe supports the frameworks that strengthen the security among SALW but acknowledges that existing protocols require modifications to address the challenges posed by advancing technologies. Zimbabwe advocates for the support and establishment of an UN-led Technological Innovation Task Force dedicated to monitoring and analyzing advancing manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing and other digital manufacturing methods. Additionally, Zimbabwe emphasizes the need for collaboration in technology sharing and law enforcement training in order to strengthen regional security. Regional security would be significantly strengthened by providing frontline Member States with technical support and resources to detect and control advanced illicit arms. Zimbabwe stands ready to collaborate actively with UN Member States and regional partners in advancing these goals within the framework of the United Nations. | |
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